Bivariate Cross Country and Fixed Effects Regressions on the Relationship between Confidence in Institutions and Corruption
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Confidence in institutions . | Confidence in institutions . | Confidence in institutions . | Confidence in institutions . |
| . | cross-country . | fixed effects . | cross-country . | fixed effects . |
| Corruption experiences | -2.318*** | -0.287*** | ||
| (-3.10) | (-8.94) | |||
| Corruption perceptions | -1.620*** | -0.854*** | ||
| (-5.17) | (-21.32) | |||
| _cons | 2.118*** | 2.904*** | ||
| (17.73) | (13.15) | |||
| N | 103 | 78063 | 103 | 78063 |
| No. of countries | 103 | 103 | 103 | 103 |
| R-sq | 0.098 | 0.230 | 0.233 | 0.271 |
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Confidence in institutions . | Confidence in institutions . | Confidence in institutions . | Confidence in institutions . |
| . | cross-country . | fixed effects . | cross-country . | fixed effects . |
| Corruption experiences | -2.318*** | -0.287*** | ||
| (-3.10) | (-8.94) | |||
| Corruption perceptions | -1.620*** | -0.854*** | ||
| (-5.17) | (-21.32) | |||
| _cons | 2.118*** | 2.904*** | ||
| (17.73) | (13.15) | |||
| N | 103 | 78063 | 103 | 78063 |
| No. of countries | 103 | 103 | 103 | 103 |
| R-sq | 0.098 | 0.230 | 0.233 | 0.271 |
Estimation in columns (1) and (3) is by ordinary least squares on country-level averages of all variables, with heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errors. Estimation in columns (2) and (4) is by weighted least squares using sampling weights provided by Gallup, and heteroskedasiticity-consistent standard errors are clustered at the country level. T-statistics in parentheses: * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01
Source: Authors' analysis with data from Gallup World Poll
Bivariate Cross Country and Fixed Effects Regressions on the Relationship between Confidence in Institutions and Corruption
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Confidence in institutions . | Confidence in institutions . | Confidence in institutions . | Confidence in institutions . |
| . | cross-country . | fixed effects . | cross-country . | fixed effects . |
| Corruption experiences | -2.318*** | -0.287*** | ||
| (-3.10) | (-8.94) | |||
| Corruption perceptions | -1.620*** | -0.854*** | ||
| (-5.17) | (-21.32) | |||
| _cons | 2.118*** | 2.904*** | ||
| (17.73) | (13.15) | |||
| N | 103 | 78063 | 103 | 78063 |
| No. of countries | 103 | 103 | 103 | 103 |
| R-sq | 0.098 | 0.230 | 0.233 | 0.271 |
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Confidence in institutions . | Confidence in institutions . | Confidence in institutions . | Confidence in institutions . |
| . | cross-country . | fixed effects . | cross-country . | fixed effects . |
| Corruption experiences | -2.318*** | -0.287*** | ||
| (-3.10) | (-8.94) | |||
| Corruption perceptions | -1.620*** | -0.854*** | ||
| (-5.17) | (-21.32) | |||
| _cons | 2.118*** | 2.904*** | ||
| (17.73) | (13.15) | |||
| N | 103 | 78063 | 103 | 78063 |
| No. of countries | 103 | 103 | 103 | 103 |
| R-sq | 0.098 | 0.230 | 0.233 | 0.271 |
Estimation in columns (1) and (3) is by ordinary least squares on country-level averages of all variables, with heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errors. Estimation in columns (2) and (4) is by weighted least squares using sampling weights provided by Gallup, and heteroskedasiticity-consistent standard errors are clustered at the country level. T-statistics in parentheses: * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01
Source: Authors' analysis with data from Gallup World Poll
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