T able 3: Open in new tab Fixed Effects...

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Corruption experiences	−0.280***(−6.67)	−0.185***(−5.62)
Corruption perceptions			−0.873***(−20.05)	−0.518***(−16.37)
Male	0.0123	−0.00647	−0.00512	−0.0144
	(0.52)	(−0.34)	(−0.23)	(−0.78)
Age	−0.0157***	−0.00135	−0.0141***	−0.00118
	(−5.90)	(−0.54)	(−5.21)	(−0.47)
Age2	0.000198***	0.0000456*	0.000180***	0.0000425
	(6.76)	(1.66)	(6.02)	(1.53)
Married	0.0890***	0.0399**	0.0739***	0.0342*
	(4.05)	(2.13)	(3.37)	(1.80)
Secondary education	−0.131***	−0.118***	−0.124***	−0.116***
	(−3.94)	(−4.79)	(−4.04)	(−4.81)
Tertiary education	−0.0822	−0.0791*	−0.102**	−0.0916**
	(−1.49)	(−1.74)	(−2.18)	(−2.21)
Income	−0.000267	−0.0470***	−0.00943	−0.0488***
	(−0.02)	(−3.68)	(−0.68)	(−3.76)
Internet access	−0.0612*	−0.0784***	−0.0817**	−0.0872***
	(−1.71)	(−3.17)	(−2.55)	(−3.68)
TV	−0.0327	−0.101***	−0.0234	−0.0943**
	(−0.67)	(−2.86)	(−0.49)	(−2.62)
Ladder of life		0.0151***		0.0139**
		(2.74)		(2.61)
Standard of living		0.228***		0.220***
		(8.30)		(8.02)
Emotions		0.0533***		0.0519***
		(4.90)		(4.77)
Economy good/bad		0.530***		0.489***
		(17.52)		(17.20)
Economic outlook		−0.190***		−0.183***
		(−11.61)		(−11.70)
Corruption trend		−0.272***		−0.207***
		(−15.54)		(−12.61)
Religious organizations		0.705***		0.689***
		(19.25)		(18.81)
N	49019	49019	49019	49019
No. of countries	90	90	90	90
R-sq	0.218	0.378	0.264	0.392

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Confidence in institutions

Corruption experiences

−0.280***(−6.67)

−0.185***(−5.62)

Corruption perceptions

−0.873***(−20.05)

−0.518***(−16.37)

Male

0.0123

−0.00647

−0.00512

−0.0144

(0.52)

(−0.34)

(−0.23)

(−0.78)

Age

−0.0157***

−0.00135

−0.0141***

−0.00118

(−5.90)

(−0.54)

(−5.21)

(−0.47)

Age2

0.000198***

0.0000456*

0.000180***

0.0000425

(6.76)

(1.66)

(6.02)

(1.53)

Married

0.0890***

0.0399**

0.0739***

0.0342*

(4.05)

(2.13)

(3.37)

(1.80)

Secondary education

−0.131***

−0.118***

−0.124***

−0.116***

(−3.94)

(−4.79)

(−4.04)

(−4.81)

Tertiary education

−0.0822

−0.0791*

−0.102**

−0.0916**

(−1.49)

(−1.74)

(−2.18)

(−2.21)

Income

−0.000267

−0.0470***

−0.00943

−0.0488***

(−0.02)

(−3.68)

(−0.68)

(−3.76)

Internet access

−0.0612*

−0.0784***

−0.0817**

−0.0872***

(−1.71)

(−3.17)

(−2.55)

(−3.68)

−0.0327

−0.101***

−0.0234

−0.0943**

(−0.67)

(−2.86)

(−0.49)

(−2.62)

Ladder of life

0.0151***

0.0139**

(2.74)

(2.61)

Standard of living

0.228***

0.220***

(8.30)

(8.02)

Emotions

0.0533***

0.0519***

(4.90)

(4.77)

Economy good/bad

0.530***

0.489***

(17.52)

(17.20)

Economic outlook

−0.190***

−0.183***

(−11.61)

(−11.70)

Corruption trend

−0.272***

−0.207***

(−15.54)

(−12.61)

Religious organizations

0.705***

0.689***

(19.25)

(18.81)

49019

No. of countries

R-sq

0.218

0.378

0.264

0.392

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Corruption experiences	−0.280***(−6.67)	−0.185***(−5.62)
Corruption perceptions			−0.873***(−20.05)	−0.518***(−16.37)
Male	0.0123	−0.00647	−0.00512	−0.0144
	(0.52)	(−0.34)	(−0.23)	(−0.78)
Age	−0.0157***	−0.00135	−0.0141***	−0.00118
	(−5.90)	(−0.54)	(−5.21)	(−0.47)
Age2	0.000198***	0.0000456*	0.000180***	0.0000425
	(6.76)	(1.66)	(6.02)	(1.53)
Married	0.0890***	0.0399**	0.0739***	0.0342*
	(4.05)	(2.13)	(3.37)	(1.80)
Secondary education	−0.131***	−0.118***	−0.124***	−0.116***
	(−3.94)	(−4.79)	(−4.04)	(−4.81)
Tertiary education	−0.0822	−0.0791*	−0.102**	−0.0916**
	(−1.49)	(−1.74)	(−2.18)	(−2.21)
Income	−0.000267	−0.0470***	−0.00943	−0.0488***
	(−0.02)	(−3.68)	(−0.68)	(−3.76)
Internet access	−0.0612*	−0.0784***	−0.0817**	−0.0872***
	(−1.71)	(−3.17)	(−2.55)	(−3.68)
TV	−0.0327	−0.101***	−0.0234	−0.0943**
	(−0.67)	(−2.86)	(−0.49)	(−2.62)
Ladder of life		0.0151***		0.0139**
		(2.74)		(2.61)
Standard of living		0.228***		0.220***
		(8.30)		(8.02)
Emotions		0.0533***		0.0519***
		(4.90)		(4.77)
Economy good/bad		0.530***		0.489***
		(17.52)		(17.20)
Economic outlook		−0.190***		−0.183***
		(−11.61)		(−11.70)
Corruption trend		−0.272***		−0.207***
		(−15.54)		(−12.61)
Religious organizations		0.705***		0.689***
		(19.25)		(18.81)
N	49019	49019	49019	49019
No. of countries	90	90	90	90
R-sq	0.218	0.378	0.264	0.392

Table 3:

Open in new tab

Fixed Effects Regressions Controlling for Kvetch

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
	Confidence in institutions	Confidence in institutions	Confidence in institutions	Confidence in institutions
Corruption experiences	−0.280***(−6.67)	−0.185***(−5.62)
Corruption perceptions			−0.873***(−20.05)	−0.518***(−16.37)
Male	0.0123	−0.00647	−0.00512	−0.0144
	(0.52)	(−0.34)	(−0.23)	(−0.78)
Age	−0.0157***	−0.00135	−0.0141***	−0.00118
	(−5.90)	(−0.54)	(−5.21)	(−0.47)
Age2	0.000198***	0.0000456*	0.000180***	0.0000425
	(6.76)	(1.66)	(6.02)	(1.53)
Married	0.0890***	0.0399**	0.0739***	0.0342*
	(4.05)	(2.13)	(3.37)	(1.80)
Secondary education	−0.131***	−0.118***	−0.124***	−0.116***
	(−3.94)	(−4.79)	(−4.04)	(−4.81)
Tertiary education	−0.0822	−0.0791*	−0.102**	−0.0916**
	(−1.49)	(−1.74)	(−2.18)	(−2.21)
Income	−0.000267	−0.0470***	−0.00943	−0.0488***
	(−0.02)	(−3.68)	(−0.68)	(−3.76)
Internet access	−0.0612*	−0.0784***	−0.0817**	−0.0872***
	(−1.71)	(−3.17)	(−2.55)	(−3.68)
TV	−0.0327	−0.101***	−0.0234	−0.0943**
	(−0.67)	(−2.86)	(−0.49)	(−2.62)
Ladder of life		0.0151***		0.0139**
		(2.74)		(2.61)
Standard of living		0.228***		0.220***
		(8.30)		(8.02)
Emotions		0.0533***		0.0519***
		(4.90)		(4.77)
Economy good/bad		0.530***		0.489***
		(17.52)		(17.20)
Economic outlook		−0.190***		−0.183***
		(−11.61)		(−11.70)
Corruption trend		−0.272***		−0.207***
		(−15.54)		(−12.61)
Religious organizations		0.705***		0.689***
		(19.25)		(18.81)
N	49019	49019	49019	49019
No. of countries	90	90	90	90
R-sq	0.218	0.378	0.264	0.392

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
	Confidence in institutions	Confidence in institutions	Confidence in institutions	Confidence in institutions
Corruption experiences	−0.280***(−6.67)	−0.185***(−5.62)
Corruption perceptions			−0.873***(−20.05)	−0.518***(−16.37)
Male	0.0123	−0.00647	−0.00512	−0.0144
	(0.52)	(−0.34)	(−0.23)	(−0.78)
Age	−0.0157***	−0.00135	−0.0141***	−0.00118
	(−5.90)	(−0.54)	(−5.21)	(−0.47)
Age2	0.000198***	0.0000456*	0.000180***	0.0000425
	(6.76)	(1.66)	(6.02)	(1.53)
Married	0.0890***	0.0399**	0.0739***	0.0342*
	(4.05)	(2.13)	(3.37)	(1.80)
Secondary education	−0.131***	−0.118***	−0.124***	−0.116***
	(−3.94)	(−4.79)	(−4.04)	(−4.81)
Tertiary education	−0.0822	−0.0791*	−0.102**	−0.0916**
	(−1.49)	(−1.74)	(−2.18)	(−2.21)
Income	−0.000267	−0.0470***	−0.00943	−0.0488***
	(−0.02)	(−3.68)	(−0.68)	(−3.76)
Internet access	−0.0612*	−0.0784***	−0.0817**	−0.0872***
	(−1.71)	(−3.17)	(−2.55)	(−3.68)
TV	−0.0327	−0.101***	−0.0234	−0.0943**
	(−0.67)	(−2.86)	(−0.49)	(−2.62)
Ladder of life		0.0151***		0.0139**
		(2.74)		(2.61)
Standard of living		0.228***		0.220***
		(8.30)		(8.02)
Emotions		0.0533***		0.0519***
		(4.90)		(4.77)
Economy good/bad		0.530***		0.489***
		(17.52)		(17.20)
Economic outlook		−0.190***		−0.183***
		(−11.61)		(−11.70)
Corruption trend		−0.272***		−0.207***
		(−15.54)		(−12.61)
Religious organizations		0.705***		0.689***
		(19.25)		(18.81)
N	49019	49019	49019	49019
No. of countries	90	90	90	90
R-sq	0.218	0.378	0.264	0.392

Estimation is by weighted least squares using sampling weights provided by Gallup, and heteroskedasiticity-consistent standard errors are clustered at the country level. T-statistics in parentheses: * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01

Source: Authors' analysis with data from Gallup World Poll

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