Effect of High-Skilled Emigration Rates on Wage, GDP, and TFP Differences between Countries
| . | Dependent variable: RelGDPij,t . | Dependent variable: RelTFPij,t . | Dependent variable: RelWage80ij,t . | Dependent variable: RelWage90ij,t . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . | (8) . |
| SMigij,t | 0.1630*** (0.0276) | 0.0830*** (0.0140) | 0.2168*** (0.0490) | 0.2290*** (0.0483) | ||||
| SMigij,t-1 | 0.1386*** (0.0418) | 0.0796*** (0.0198) | 0.1645** (0.0678) | 0.1738** (0.0699) | ||||
| RelInvestij,t-1 | 0.2331* (0.1216) | 0.2317* (0.1215) | 0.0333 (0.0618) | 0.0327 (0.0617) | 0.4989** (0.2533) | 0.4975** (0.2533) | 0.4356* (0.2430) | 0.4341* (0.2430) |
| RelUrbanij,t-1 | 0.2113*** (0.0805) | 0.2109*** (0.0806) | 0.0617 (0.0432) | 0.0615 (0.0433) | 0.6594** (0.3052) | 0.6587** (0.3054) | 0.5761* (0.3015) | 0.5754* (0.3017) |
| RelPrimSchoolij,t-1 | −0.3658 (0.7655) | −0.3683 (0.7668) | −0.4618 (0.3875) | −0.4634 (0.3882) | −1.0022 (2.2117) | −1.0057 (2.2127) | −0.5458 (2.0325) | −0.5495 (2.0336) |
| RelTertSchoolij,t-1 | 0.0046 (0.0028) | 0.0047* (0.0028) | 0.0022* (0.0013) | 0.0022* (0.0013) | 0.0105 (0.0102) | 0.0106 (0.0101) | 0.0104 (0.0099) | 0.0105 (0.0099) |
| (Intercept) | 3.6064 (3.0786) | 3.6211 (3.0845) | 0.6013 (0.4408) | 0.6045 (0.4415) | 0.6731 (2.7047) | 0.6802 (2.7058) | 0.3170 (2.5903) | 0.3245 (2.5916) |
| Origin FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| Adj. R2 | 0.9429 | 0.9428 | 0.9541 | 0.9541 | 0.8584 | 0.8582 | 0.8555 | 0.8553 |
| N | 2275 | 2275 | 1550 | 1550 | 1010 | 1010 | 1010 | 1010 |
| . | Dependent variable: RelGDPij,t . | Dependent variable: RelTFPij,t . | Dependent variable: RelWage80ij,t . | Dependent variable: RelWage90ij,t . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . | (8) . |
| SMigij,t | 0.1630*** (0.0276) | 0.0830*** (0.0140) | 0.2168*** (0.0490) | 0.2290*** (0.0483) | ||||
| SMigij,t-1 | 0.1386*** (0.0418) | 0.0796*** (0.0198) | 0.1645** (0.0678) | 0.1738** (0.0699) | ||||
| RelInvestij,t-1 | 0.2331* (0.1216) | 0.2317* (0.1215) | 0.0333 (0.0618) | 0.0327 (0.0617) | 0.4989** (0.2533) | 0.4975** (0.2533) | 0.4356* (0.2430) | 0.4341* (0.2430) |
| RelUrbanij,t-1 | 0.2113*** (0.0805) | 0.2109*** (0.0806) | 0.0617 (0.0432) | 0.0615 (0.0433) | 0.6594** (0.3052) | 0.6587** (0.3054) | 0.5761* (0.3015) | 0.5754* (0.3017) |
| RelPrimSchoolij,t-1 | −0.3658 (0.7655) | −0.3683 (0.7668) | −0.4618 (0.3875) | −0.4634 (0.3882) | −1.0022 (2.2117) | −1.0057 (2.2127) | −0.5458 (2.0325) | −0.5495 (2.0336) |
| RelTertSchoolij,t-1 | 0.0046 (0.0028) | 0.0047* (0.0028) | 0.0022* (0.0013) | 0.0022* (0.0013) | 0.0105 (0.0102) | 0.0106 (0.0101) | 0.0104 (0.0099) | 0.0105 (0.0099) |
| (Intercept) | 3.6064 (3.0786) | 3.6211 (3.0845) | 0.6013 (0.4408) | 0.6045 (0.4415) | 0.6731 (2.7047) | 0.6802 (2.7058) | 0.3170 (2.5903) | 0.3245 (2.5916) |
| Origin FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| Adj. R2 | 0.9429 | 0.9428 | 0.9541 | 0.9541 | 0.8584 | 0.8582 | 0.8555 | 0.8553 |
| N | 2275 | 2275 | 1550 | 1550 | 1010 | 1010 | 1010 | 1010 |
Note: All dependent variables are expressed in logs and represent relative differences between countries j and i. SMigij,t denotes the stock of high-skilled emigrants from country i living in country j divided by the stock of high-skilled residents in i. RelInvestij,t-1, RelUrbanij,t-1, RelPrimSchoolij,t-1 and RelTertSchoolij,t-1 denote the lagged relative investment share, relative urbanization share, relative primary school enrollment, and relative tertiary school enrollment between j and i. Robust clustered standard errors are in parentheses. *** indicates a significance level below 1 percent; ** indicates a significance level between 1 and 5 percent; * indicates a significance level between 5 and 10 percent.
Effect of High-Skilled Emigration Rates on Wage, GDP, and TFP Differences between Countries
| . | Dependent variable: RelGDPij,t . | Dependent variable: RelTFPij,t . | Dependent variable: RelWage80ij,t . | Dependent variable: RelWage90ij,t . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . | (8) . |
| SMigij,t | 0.1630*** (0.0276) | 0.0830*** (0.0140) | 0.2168*** (0.0490) | 0.2290*** (0.0483) | ||||
| SMigij,t-1 | 0.1386*** (0.0418) | 0.0796*** (0.0198) | 0.1645** (0.0678) | 0.1738** (0.0699) | ||||
| RelInvestij,t-1 | 0.2331* (0.1216) | 0.2317* (0.1215) | 0.0333 (0.0618) | 0.0327 (0.0617) | 0.4989** (0.2533) | 0.4975** (0.2533) | 0.4356* (0.2430) | 0.4341* (0.2430) |
| RelUrbanij,t-1 | 0.2113*** (0.0805) | 0.2109*** (0.0806) | 0.0617 (0.0432) | 0.0615 (0.0433) | 0.6594** (0.3052) | 0.6587** (0.3054) | 0.5761* (0.3015) | 0.5754* (0.3017) |
| RelPrimSchoolij,t-1 | −0.3658 (0.7655) | −0.3683 (0.7668) | −0.4618 (0.3875) | −0.4634 (0.3882) | −1.0022 (2.2117) | −1.0057 (2.2127) | −0.5458 (2.0325) | −0.5495 (2.0336) |
| RelTertSchoolij,t-1 | 0.0046 (0.0028) | 0.0047* (0.0028) | 0.0022* (0.0013) | 0.0022* (0.0013) | 0.0105 (0.0102) | 0.0106 (0.0101) | 0.0104 (0.0099) | 0.0105 (0.0099) |
| (Intercept) | 3.6064 (3.0786) | 3.6211 (3.0845) | 0.6013 (0.4408) | 0.6045 (0.4415) | 0.6731 (2.7047) | 0.6802 (2.7058) | 0.3170 (2.5903) | 0.3245 (2.5916) |
| Origin FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| Adj. R2 | 0.9429 | 0.9428 | 0.9541 | 0.9541 | 0.8584 | 0.8582 | 0.8555 | 0.8553 |
| N | 2275 | 2275 | 1550 | 1550 | 1010 | 1010 | 1010 | 1010 |
| . | Dependent variable: RelGDPij,t . | Dependent variable: RelTFPij,t . | Dependent variable: RelWage80ij,t . | Dependent variable: RelWage90ij,t . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . | (8) . |
| SMigij,t | 0.1630*** (0.0276) | 0.0830*** (0.0140) | 0.2168*** (0.0490) | 0.2290*** (0.0483) | ||||
| SMigij,t-1 | 0.1386*** (0.0418) | 0.0796*** (0.0198) | 0.1645** (0.0678) | 0.1738** (0.0699) | ||||
| RelInvestij,t-1 | 0.2331* (0.1216) | 0.2317* (0.1215) | 0.0333 (0.0618) | 0.0327 (0.0617) | 0.4989** (0.2533) | 0.4975** (0.2533) | 0.4356* (0.2430) | 0.4341* (0.2430) |
| RelUrbanij,t-1 | 0.2113*** (0.0805) | 0.2109*** (0.0806) | 0.0617 (0.0432) | 0.0615 (0.0433) | 0.6594** (0.3052) | 0.6587** (0.3054) | 0.5761* (0.3015) | 0.5754* (0.3017) |
| RelPrimSchoolij,t-1 | −0.3658 (0.7655) | −0.3683 (0.7668) | −0.4618 (0.3875) | −0.4634 (0.3882) | −1.0022 (2.2117) | −1.0057 (2.2127) | −0.5458 (2.0325) | −0.5495 (2.0336) |
| RelTertSchoolij,t-1 | 0.0046 (0.0028) | 0.0047* (0.0028) | 0.0022* (0.0013) | 0.0022* (0.0013) | 0.0105 (0.0102) | 0.0106 (0.0101) | 0.0104 (0.0099) | 0.0105 (0.0099) |
| (Intercept) | 3.6064 (3.0786) | 3.6211 (3.0845) | 0.6013 (0.4408) | 0.6045 (0.4415) | 0.6731 (2.7047) | 0.6802 (2.7058) | 0.3170 (2.5903) | 0.3245 (2.5916) |
| Origin FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| Adj. R2 | 0.9429 | 0.9428 | 0.9541 | 0.9541 | 0.8584 | 0.8582 | 0.8555 | 0.8553 |
| N | 2275 | 2275 | 1550 | 1550 | 1010 | 1010 | 1010 | 1010 |
Note: All dependent variables are expressed in logs and represent relative differences between countries j and i. SMigij,t denotes the stock of high-skilled emigrants from country i living in country j divided by the stock of high-skilled residents in i. RelInvestij,t-1, RelUrbanij,t-1, RelPrimSchoolij,t-1 and RelTertSchoolij,t-1 denote the lagged relative investment share, relative urbanization share, relative primary school enrollment, and relative tertiary school enrollment between j and i. Robust clustered standard errors are in parentheses. *** indicates a significance level below 1 percent; ** indicates a significance level between 1 and 5 percent; * indicates a significance level between 5 and 10 percent.
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