T able 4. Open in new tab Impact of...

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
District casualties before survey	0.2795**	0.1224	0.2633**	0.0755
(CONFEXP^s_ij)	(0.1147)	(0.1207)	(0.1172)	(0.1391)
= 1 if rural	−0.3916***	−0.1559**	−0.4703***	−0.1770**
	(0.0788)	(0.0664)	(0.0914)	(0.0703)
= 1 if head has primary education	0.2210***	0.2301***	0.2051***	0.2381***
(0.0428)	(0.0361)	(0.0453)	(0.0374)
= 1 if head has secondary education	0.8263***	0.7064***	0.8619***	0.7242***
(0.0431)	(0.0386)	(0.0509)	(0.0388)
= 1 if head has higher education	1.1291***	1.0828***	1.3829***	1.2016***
	(0.1035)	(0.0846)	(0.1137)	(0.1124)
Panel variable	District	District	District	District
Included dummies:
DHS 2006	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Age at interview	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Region × DHS 2006	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
DHS 2006 × Age at interview	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Region × Age at interview	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
DHS 2006 × Region × Age at interview	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	11,793	12,116	9,772	9,959
No. of clusters	69^a	69^a	69^a	69^a
R-Squared	0.5062	0.6077	0.4909	0.5996
p value male vs. female^b	0.079	0.065

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Explained Variable and Sample

Years of Education Female 5–14

Years of Education Male 5–14

Years of Education Female 5–14 – Mother here since 1996

Years of Education Male 5–14 – Mother here since 1996

Specification

Eq. (2R)

District casualties before survey

0.2795**

0.1224

0.2633**

0.0755

(CONFEXP^s_ij)

(0.1147)

(0.1207)

(0.1172)

(0.1391)

= 1 if rural

−0.3916***

−0.1559**

−0.4703***

−0.1770**

(0.0788)

(0.0664)

(0.0914)

(0.0703)

= 1 if head has primary education

0.2210***

0.2301***

0.2051***

0.2381***

(0.0428)

(0.0361)

(0.0453)

(0.0374)

= 1 if head has secondary education

0.8263***

0.7064***

0.8619***

0.7242***

(0.0431)

(0.0386)

(0.0509)

(0.0388)

= 1 if head has higher education

1.1291***

1.0828***

1.3829***

1.2016***

(0.1035)

(0.0846)

(0.1137)

(0.1124)

Panel variable

District

Included dummies:

DHS 2006

Yes

Age at interview

Yes

Region × DHS 2006

Yes

DHS 2006 × Age at interview

Yes

Region × Age at interview

Yes

DHS 2006 × Region × Age at interview

Yes

Observations

11,793

12,116

9,772

9,959

No. of clusters

69^a

R-Squared

0.5062

0.6077

0.4909

0.5996

p value male vs. female^b

0.079

0.065

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
District casualties before survey	0.2795**	0.1224	0.2633**	0.0755
(CONFEXP^s_ij)	(0.1147)	(0.1207)	(0.1172)	(0.1391)
= 1 if rural	−0.3916***	−0.1559**	−0.4703***	−0.1770**
	(0.0788)	(0.0664)	(0.0914)	(0.0703)
= 1 if head has primary education	0.2210***	0.2301***	0.2051***	0.2381***
(0.0428)	(0.0361)	(0.0453)	(0.0374)
= 1 if head has secondary education	0.8263***	0.7064***	0.8619***	0.7242***
(0.0431)	(0.0386)	(0.0509)	(0.0388)
= 1 if head has higher education	1.1291***	1.0828***	1.3829***	1.2016***
	(0.1035)	(0.0846)	(0.1137)	(0.1124)
Panel variable	District	District	District	District
Included dummies:
DHS 2006	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Age at interview	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Region × DHS 2006	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
DHS 2006 × Age at interview	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Region × Age at interview	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
DHS 2006 × Region × Age at interview	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	11,793	12,116	9,772	9,959
No. of clusters	69^a	69^a	69^a	69^a
R-Squared	0.5062	0.6077	0.4909	0.5996
p value male vs. female^b	0.079	0.065

Table 4.

Open in new tab

Impact of Conflict Intensity on Completed Years of Education, 5- to 14-year-olds

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Explained Variable and Sample	Years of Education Female 5–14	Years of Education Male 5–14	Years of Education Female 5–14 – Mother here since 1996	Years of Education Male 5–14 – Mother here since 1996

Specification	Eq. (2R)	Eq. (2R)	Eq. (2R)	Eq. (2R)
District casualties before survey	0.2795**	0.1224	0.2633**	0.0755
(CONFEXP^s_ij)	(0.1147)	(0.1207)	(0.1172)	(0.1391)
= 1 if rural	−0.3916***	−0.1559**	−0.4703***	−0.1770**
	(0.0788)	(0.0664)	(0.0914)	(0.0703)
= 1 if head has primary education	0.2210***	0.2301***	0.2051***	0.2381***
= 1 if head has primary education	(0.0428)	(0.0361)	(0.0453)	(0.0374)
= 1 if head has secondary education	0.8263***	0.7064***	0.8619***	0.7242***
= 1 if head has secondary education	(0.0431)	(0.0386)	(0.0509)	(0.0388)
= 1 if head has higher education	1.1291***	1.0828***	1.3829***	1.2016***
	(0.1035)	(0.0846)	(0.1137)	(0.1124)
Panel variable	District	District	District	District
Included dummies:
DHS 2006	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Age at interview	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Region × DHS 2006	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
DHS 2006 × Age at interview	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Region × Age at interview	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
DHS 2006 × Region × Age at interview	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	11,793	12,116	9,772	9,959
No. of clusters	69^a	69^a	69^a	69^a
R-Squared	0.5062	0.6077	0.4909	0.5996
p value male vs. female^b	0.079		0.065

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Explained Variable and Sample	Years of Education Female 5–14	Years of Education Male 5–14	Years of Education Female 5–14 – Mother here since 1996	Years of Education Male 5–14 – Mother here since 1996

Specification	Eq. (2R)	Eq. (2R)	Eq. (2R)	Eq. (2R)
District casualties before survey	0.2795**	0.1224	0.2633**	0.0755
(CONFEXP^s_ij)	(0.1147)	(0.1207)	(0.1172)	(0.1391)
= 1 if rural	−0.3916***	−0.1559**	−0.4703***	−0.1770**
	(0.0788)	(0.0664)	(0.0914)	(0.0703)
= 1 if head has primary education	0.2210***	0.2301***	0.2051***	0.2381***
= 1 if head has primary education	(0.0428)	(0.0361)	(0.0453)	(0.0374)
= 1 if head has secondary education	0.8263***	0.7064***	0.8619***	0.7242***
= 1 if head has secondary education	(0.0431)	(0.0386)	(0.0509)	(0.0388)
= 1 if head has higher education	1.1291***	1.0828***	1.3829***	1.2016***
	(0.1035)	(0.0846)	(0.1137)	(0.1124)
Panel variable	District	District	District	District
Included dummies:
DHS 2006	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Age at interview	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Region × DHS 2006	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
DHS 2006 × Age at interview	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Region × Age at interview	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
DHS 2006 × Region × Age at interview	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	11,793	12,116	9,772	9,959
No. of clusters	69^a	69^a	69^a	69^a
R-Squared	0.5062	0.6077	0.4909	0.5996
p value male vs. female^b	0.079		0.065

Notes: All specifications are estimated using the panel fixed-effects estimator and include a constant. District casualties are expressed per 1,000 inhabitants. Sample only includes individuals surveyed in the Nepal DHS 2001 and 2006 and aged 5–14 years at the time of the survey. In columns (3) and (4), the 2006 sample is restricted to individuals whose mothers were interviewed individually and whose mothers reported having lived in their current place of residence as of 1996. The same exclusion could not be implemented for the 2001 DHS because individuals listed on the household roster cannot be matched to their mothers. Standard errors clustered at the district level are in parentheses. * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01.

^aDHS data collection was somewhat affected by the conflict in 2001. Hence, contrary to DHS 2006, four districts were not covered: Dolpa, Jajarkot, Rolpa, and Rukhum. The small districts of Manang and Mustang were not surveyed, but these districts did not experience any casualties during the conflict.

^b p value of an F test of equality between the reported treatment effects for males and females.

Source:INSEC 2009, Central Bureau of Statistics 2009, Nepal DHS 2001, and Nepal DHS 2006.

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