Table 1. Open in new tab Baseline...

	All	No subsidy	6-Month subsidy	Difference	p-value
Size of household	4.81	4.76	4.85	−0.09	0.258
Number of children 11 and under	1.34	1.35	1.34	0.01	0.717
Household income	5399	5058	5712	−653.41	0.052
Panel B: Parent characteristics
Years of education	9.30	9.25	9.36	−0.11	0.624
Hours worked per day	10.08	9.86	10.27	−0.41	0.001
Commute to work (miles)	3.60	3.48	3.71	−0.23	0.524
Number of times sick	2.44	2.58	2.31	0.26	0.095
Foregone treatment	0.25	0.25	0.24	0.02	0.446
Ever visit health provider	0.76	0.77	0.75	0.02	0.260
Total number of visits, all providers	4.28	4.46	4.11	0.35	0.260
Total health expenditures	827.76	903.58	758.59	144.99	0.225
Households/Parents (N)	1614	770	844	—	—
Panel C: Child Characteristics
Age	8.00	7.94	8.06	−0.12	0.459
Female	0.48	0.48	0.49	−0.01	0.473
Ever sick	0.76	0.76	0.77	−0.01	0.843
Number of times sick	2.16	2.19	2.13	0.06	0.602
Foregone treatment	0.18	0.20	0.17	0.03	0.153
Ever visit health provider	0.75	0.75	0.76	0.00	0.983
EMP visits	0.12	0.13	0.11	0.02	0.704
Public health facility visits	0.88	0.89	0.87	0.03	0.679
Private health facility visits	1.04	1.12	0.96	0.16	0.302
Pharmacy visits	1.80	1.80	1.80	0.00	0.916
Total number of visits, all providers	3.82	3.90	3.74	0.16	0.435
Total health expenditures	569.21	533.23	601.76	−68.53	0.302
Children (N)	2996	1423	1573	—	—

All

No subsidy

6-Month subsidy

Difference

p-value

(control)

(treatment)

(C - T)

difference

Panel A: Household characteristics

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

Size of household

4.81

4.76

4.85

−0.09

0.258

Number of children 11 and under

1.34

1.35

1.34

0.01

0.717

Household income

5399

5058

5712

−653.41

0.052

Panel B: Parent characteristics

Years of education

9.30

9.25

9.36

−0.11

0.624

Hours worked per day

10.08

9.86

10.27

−0.41

0.001

Commute to work (miles)

3.60

3.48

3.71

−0.23

0.524

Number of times sick

2.44

2.58

2.31

0.26

0.095

Foregone treatment

0.25

0.24

0.02

0.446

Ever visit health provider

0.76

0.77

0.75

0.02

0.260

Total number of visits, all providers

4.28

4.46

4.11

0.35

0.260

Total health expenditures

827.76

903.58

758.59

144.99

0.225

Households/Parents (N)

1614

770

844

—

Panel C: Child Characteristics

Age

8.00

7.94

8.06

−0.12

0.459

Female

0.48

0.49

−0.01

0.473

Ever sick

0.76

0.77

−0.01

0.843

Number of times sick

2.16

2.19

2.13

0.06

0.602

Foregone treatment

0.18

0.20

0.17

0.03

0.153

Ever visit health provider

0.75

0.76

0.00

0.983

EMP visits

0.12

0.13

0.11

0.02

0.704

Public health facility visits

0.88

0.89

0.87

0.03

0.679

Private health facility visits

1.04

1.12

0.96

0.16

0.302

Pharmacy visits

1.80

0.00

0.916

Total number of visits, all providers

3.82

3.90

3.74

0.16

0.435

Total health expenditures

569.21

533.23

601.76

−68.53

0.302

Children (N)

2996

1423

1573

—

	All	No subsidy	6-Month subsidy	Difference	p-value
Size of household	4.81	4.76	4.85	−0.09	0.258
Number of children 11 and under	1.34	1.35	1.34	0.01	0.717
Household income	5399	5058	5712	−653.41	0.052
Panel B: Parent characteristics
Years of education	9.30	9.25	9.36	−0.11	0.624
Hours worked per day	10.08	9.86	10.27	−0.41	0.001
Commute to work (miles)	3.60	3.48	3.71	−0.23	0.524
Number of times sick	2.44	2.58	2.31	0.26	0.095
Foregone treatment	0.25	0.25	0.24	0.02	0.446
Ever visit health provider	0.76	0.77	0.75	0.02	0.260
Total number of visits, all providers	4.28	4.46	4.11	0.35	0.260
Total health expenditures	827.76	903.58	758.59	144.99	0.225
Households/Parents (N)	1614	770	844	—	—
Panel C: Child Characteristics
Age	8.00	7.94	8.06	−0.12	0.459
Female	0.48	0.48	0.49	−0.01	0.473
Ever sick	0.76	0.76	0.77	−0.01	0.843
Number of times sick	2.16	2.19	2.13	0.06	0.602
Foregone treatment	0.18	0.20	0.17	0.03	0.153
Ever visit health provider	0.75	0.75	0.76	0.00	0.983
EMP visits	0.12	0.13	0.11	0.02	0.704
Public health facility visits	0.88	0.89	0.87	0.03	0.679
Private health facility visits	1.04	1.12	0.96	0.16	0.302
Pharmacy visits	1.80	1.80	1.80	0.00	0.916
Total number of visits, all providers	3.82	3.90	3.74	0.16	0.435
Total health expenditures	569.21	533.23	601.76	−68.53	0.302
Children (N)	2996	1423	1573	—	—

Table 1.

Open in new tab

Baseline Characteristics of Households and Children

	All	No subsidy	6-Month subsidy	Difference	p-value
		(control)	(treatment)	(C - T)	difference
Panel A: Household characteristics	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Size of household	4.81	4.76	4.85	−0.09	0.258
Number of children 11 and under	1.34	1.35	1.34	0.01	0.717
Household income	5399	5058	5712	−653.41	0.052
Panel B: Parent characteristics
Years of education	9.30	9.25	9.36	−0.11	0.624
Hours worked per day	10.08	9.86	10.27	−0.41	0.001
Commute to work (miles)	3.60	3.48	3.71	−0.23	0.524
Number of times sick	2.44	2.58	2.31	0.26	0.095
Foregone treatment	0.25	0.25	0.24	0.02	0.446
Ever visit health provider	0.76	0.77	0.75	0.02	0.260
Total number of visits, all providers	4.28	4.46	4.11	0.35	0.260
Total health expenditures	827.76	903.58	758.59	144.99	0.225
Households/Parents (N)	1614	770	844	—	—
Panel C: Child Characteristics
Age	8.00	7.94	8.06	−0.12	0.459
Female	0.48	0.48	0.49	−0.01	0.473
Ever sick	0.76	0.76	0.77	−0.01	0.843
Number of times sick	2.16	2.19	2.13	0.06	0.602
Foregone treatment	0.18	0.20	0.17	0.03	0.153
Ever visit health provider	0.75	0.75	0.76	0.00	0.983
EMP visits	0.12	0.13	0.11	0.02	0.704
Public health facility visits	0.88	0.89	0.87	0.03	0.679
Private health facility visits	1.04	1.12	0.96	0.16	0.302
Pharmacy visits	1.80	1.80	1.80	0.00	0.916
Total number of visits, all providers	3.82	3.90	3.74	0.16	0.435
Total health expenditures	569.21	533.23	601.76	−68.53	0.302
Children (N)	2996	1423	1573	—	—

	All	No subsidy	6-Month subsidy	Difference	p-value
		(control)	(treatment)	(C - T)	difference
Panel A: Household characteristics	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Size of household	4.81	4.76	4.85	−0.09	0.258
Number of children 11 and under	1.34	1.35	1.34	0.01	0.717
Household income	5399	5058	5712	−653.41	0.052
Panel B: Parent characteristics
Years of education	9.30	9.25	9.36	−0.11	0.624
Hours worked per day	10.08	9.86	10.27	−0.41	0.001
Commute to work (miles)	3.60	3.48	3.71	−0.23	0.524
Number of times sick	2.44	2.58	2.31	0.26	0.095
Foregone treatment	0.25	0.25	0.24	0.02	0.446
Ever visit health provider	0.76	0.77	0.75	0.02	0.260
Total number of visits, all providers	4.28	4.46	4.11	0.35	0.260
Total health expenditures	827.76	903.58	758.59	144.99	0.225
Households/Parents (N)	1614	770	844	—	—
Panel C: Child Characteristics
Age	8.00	7.94	8.06	−0.12	0.459
Female	0.48	0.48	0.49	−0.01	0.473
Ever sick	0.76	0.76	0.77	−0.01	0.843
Number of times sick	2.16	2.19	2.13	0.06	0.602
Foregone treatment	0.18	0.20	0.17	0.03	0.153
Ever visit health provider	0.75	0.75	0.76	0.00	0.983
EMP visits	0.12	0.13	0.11	0.02	0.704
Public health facility visits	0.88	0.89	0.87	0.03	0.679
Private health facility visits	1.04	1.12	0.96	0.16	0.302
Pharmacy visits	1.80	1.80	1.80	0.00	0.916
Total number of visits, all providers	3.82	3.90	3.74	0.16	0.435
Total health expenditures	569.21	533.23	601.76	−68.53	0.302
Children (N)	2996	1423	1573	—	—

Source: Authors’ analysis based on data described in paper.

Note: Above are averages for the full sample (column 1), control group (column 2), and the treatment group who were awarded a six-month subsidy (column 3). Income is defined as reported monthly household income. Valid income data are not available for 174 families, and commuting data are not available for 432 families. Health providers consist of EMPs, public clinics, pharmacies, private hospitals, private doctors, public hospitals, and laboratories. All health and visit variables are reported during the past year. All income and expenditure data are in 2008 Cordobas. Children who were not sick in the past year are included as zeros for number of times sick and all visit/spending variables. Foregone treatment in past year due to lack of money was calculated to be zero for children who were not sick in the past year. Column (5) represents the p-value from a t-test of means between treatment groups including market and round fixed effects. Standard errors of t-tests are clustered at the family level.

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