| Author and Year . | Publication Type/Study Design . | Purpose . | Country . | Military Personnel Involved . | Diagnosis . | Provider . | Description . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Americans for the Arts (2013) | White paper | Overview of and plan of action for the use of arts interventions with the military including research, practice, and policy recommendations | United States | Service members | TBI, PTSD, psychosocial health needs | Artists, performers, artists in healthcare, and creative arts therapists | Group/individual arts activities and creative arts therapies; music therapy includes active music making |
| American Music Therapy Association (2014) | Status report/briefing paper | Overview of music therapy services provided for service members and veterans involved in recent deployments | United States | Active duty and veterans | PTSD, stress, TBI, etc. | Music therapists | Individual/group interventions including active music making, songwriting, NMT techniques, and drumming, etc. |
| Bensimon et al. (2008) | Mixed methods | Explore the meaning of group drumming | Israel | Active duty men aged 20–23 | PTSD | Music therapista | Group drumming and music listening |
| Bensimon et al. (2012) | Mixed methods | Explore the therapeutic process of group music therapy with young soldiers | Israel | Active duty men aged 20–23 | PTSD | Music therapist | Group drumming, music listening, and music-assisted relaxation |
| Blake (1994) | Case study | Explore the use of Bonny Method of GIM and DIM to explore participants’ inner lives | United States | Vietnam veterans; white males aged 38–47 | PTSD | Music therapista | Individual GIM and DIM |
| Bradt, Biondo, & Vaudreuil, (2019) | Retrospective study | To enhance understanding of the struggles and triumphs experienced by service members during rehabilitation | United States | Eleven active duty service members aged 20–50 | PTSD, TBI, psychological health concerns | Music therapist | Individual and small group experiences including music-guided relaxation, music making, and songwriting (primary intervention) |
| Bronson et al. (2018) | Clinical program description | Outline current program model for patients at two facilities | United States | Active duty | TBI/PTSD | Music therapist | Individual/group interventions, including NMT techniques, therapeutic singing, group music making, and lyric analysis, etc. |
| Burt (1995) | Anecdotal report | Description of group drum improvisation designed to modulate emotions | United States | Vietnam veterans | PTSD | Music therapist | Group hand drumming |
| Davis (1993) | Historical review | Profiles of three early 20th-century music therapists | United States | Active duty | Shell shock, mental and physical injuries | Isa Maud Ilsen Harriet Ayer Seymourb | Rhythmic activities, mental imagery, and music |
| Garrison (2016) | Single-group pretest/posttest design | Explore the impact of music-assisted relaxation in Vietnam veterans | United States | Vietnam veterans; predominantly white males; age 65+ | PTSD | Music therapist | Group active and passive music-assisted relaxation |
| Gantt et al. (2017) | Double-blind, randomized, pre- and post-intervention trial | Assess the efficacy of embedded theta brainwave frequency in music using binaural beat technology on cardiovascular stress responses | United States | Post-deployment military service members; predominantly Caucasian males | TBI/PTSD | Self-led intervention; music therapist as consultant | Self-administered individual music listening to recorded music |
| Gimpel (2016) | Theoretical framework paper | Discussion of a person-centered approach to music therapy to address moral injury among military service members and veterans | United States | Combat veterans | MI | Music therapist | Group drumming, clinical improvisation, and song recreation |
| Gimpel (2018) | Theoretical framework paper | Discuss MI and the applications of music therapy interventions in the treatment of MI | United States | Veterans | MI, PTSD | Music therapist | N/A |
| Kern (2016) | Literature review | Overview of the benefits of music therapy for U.S. Veterans | United States | Veterans | PTSD, TBI | N/A | N/A |
| Lightstone et al. (2015) | Retrospective case study | Overview of a music therapy and clinical psychology co-intervention delivered via remote technology | Canada | Male veteran in his 50s | PTSD | Music therapist and clinical psychologist | Individual, telehealth-based, drum-based, and musical improvisations |
| Powers et al. (2012) | Anecdotal report | Description of a participatory music program | United States | Homeless veterans | N/A | Musically trained non-music therapy staff b | Group open-circle jam session |
| Reschke-Hernandez (2014) | Historical review (biography) | Description of the therapeutic uses of music during the first world war | France (Troops from United States) | Active duty | Shell shock | YMCAb musician Paula Lind Ayers | Group performances/entertainment and singing (“lullaby cure”) |
| Robb (1999) | Historical review | Description of recreational music programming to entertain, provide diversion, and boost morale | United States | Active duty | Shrapnel wounds and training injuries | Red cross workerb Marian Erdman | Group singing and live recreational music, including requests from patients |
| Rorke (1996) | Historical review | Description of the military’s use of music with the wounded of World War II | United States | Active duty and veterans | Shell Shock | Trained music specialistsb | Group/individual active/passive participation, song parody, workshops, audio-reception activities, and fashioning musical instruments |
| Shing (2016) | Descriptive survey | Explore music use by veterans and interest in music therapy services | United States | Predominantly male student/non-student veterans aged 27–78 | N/A | Music therapy student | N/A |
| Spencer (2013) | Historical review/narrative inquiry | Explore the development of music therapy within the veteran population, specifically in the VA system | United States | Music therapists working in VA facilities | Veterans with PTSD, TBI, and other disorders/illnesses | Music therapists | Group performance-based activities, therapeutic music learning, music-assisted relaxation, and NMT techniques |
| Steward (2018) | Case review | Illustrate individualized clinical practice in music therapy as part of treatment programming for veterans with PTSD | United States | Veterans | PTSD, TBI, bipolar disorder, anxiety, and other disorders/conditions | Music therapist | Individualized group and individual active and receptive music interventions |
| Story & Beck (2017) | Intervention development feasibility study (pre-experimental design) | Explore the feasibility of a GIM intervention for female veterans with MST | United States | Veteran women | PTSD, MST | Music therapista | Individual music and imagery and modified guided imagery and music |
| Sullivan (2007) | Historical review | Explore the contributions of women’s military bands to the reconditioning of injured American troops during World War II | United States | Active duty American troops during World War II | Wounded | Women’s military bandsb | Group performances/entertainment |
| Vaudreuil, Avila, et al. (2019) | Case report | Description of the role of music therapy in the interdisciplinary rehabilitation of a severely injured service member | United States | Active duty Male | TBI, broken vertebrae, leg amputation | Music therapist | Individual songwriting, harmonica play, vocalizing, rhythmic speech cueing, MIT/TIMP techniques, therapeutic singing, entrainment, drumming, and music neglect training |
| Vaudreuil, Bronson, et al. (2019) | Case report | Description of the role of performance in the treatment of military service members | United States | Active duty | PTSD, TBI, other psychological concerns | Music therapist | Group and individual therapeutic singing, rhythmic cueing, active music making, lyric analysis, songwriting, performance |
| Wellman & Pinkerton (2015) | Case report | Protocol development to address mood and emotional balance | United States | 36-year-old female veteran | Depression, anxiety, chronic pain, trauma/PTSD, Graves’ disease, fibromyalgia, cervical disc deterioration, and holes in Left ear drum | Music therapista | Individual, specific listening program incorporating patient preferred and therapist selected selections to address mood, drumming |
| Author and Year . | Publication Type/Study Design . | Purpose . | Country . | Military Personnel Involved . | Diagnosis . | Provider . | Description . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Americans for the Arts (2013) | White paper | Overview of and plan of action for the use of arts interventions with the military including research, practice, and policy recommendations | United States | Service members | TBI, PTSD, psychosocial health needs | Artists, performers, artists in healthcare, and creative arts therapists | Group/individual arts activities and creative arts therapies; music therapy includes active music making |
| American Music Therapy Association (2014) | Status report/briefing paper | Overview of music therapy services provided for service members and veterans involved in recent deployments | United States | Active duty and veterans | PTSD, stress, TBI, etc. | Music therapists | Individual/group interventions including active music making, songwriting, NMT techniques, and drumming, etc. |
| Bensimon et al. (2008) | Mixed methods | Explore the meaning of group drumming | Israel | Active duty men aged 20–23 | PTSD | Music therapista | Group drumming and music listening |
| Bensimon et al. (2012) | Mixed methods | Explore the therapeutic process of group music therapy with young soldiers | Israel | Active duty men aged 20–23 | PTSD | Music therapist | Group drumming, music listening, and music-assisted relaxation |
| Blake (1994) | Case study | Explore the use of Bonny Method of GIM and DIM to explore participants’ inner lives | United States | Vietnam veterans; white males aged 38–47 | PTSD | Music therapista | Individual GIM and DIM |
| Bradt, Biondo, & Vaudreuil, (2019) | Retrospective study | To enhance understanding of the struggles and triumphs experienced by service members during rehabilitation | United States | Eleven active duty service members aged 20–50 | PTSD, TBI, psychological health concerns | Music therapist | Individual and small group experiences including music-guided relaxation, music making, and songwriting (primary intervention) |
| Bronson et al. (2018) | Clinical program description | Outline current program model for patients at two facilities | United States | Active duty | TBI/PTSD | Music therapist | Individual/group interventions, including NMT techniques, therapeutic singing, group music making, and lyric analysis, etc. |
| Burt (1995) | Anecdotal report | Description of group drum improvisation designed to modulate emotions | United States | Vietnam veterans | PTSD | Music therapist | Group hand drumming |
| Davis (1993) | Historical review | Profiles of three early 20th-century music therapists | United States | Active duty | Shell shock, mental and physical injuries | Isa Maud Ilsen Harriet Ayer Seymourb | Rhythmic activities, mental imagery, and music |
| Garrison (2016) | Single-group pretest/posttest design | Explore the impact of music-assisted relaxation in Vietnam veterans | United States | Vietnam veterans; predominantly white males; age 65+ | PTSD | Music therapist | Group active and passive music-assisted relaxation |
| Gantt et al. (2017) | Double-blind, randomized, pre- and post-intervention trial | Assess the efficacy of embedded theta brainwave frequency in music using binaural beat technology on cardiovascular stress responses | United States | Post-deployment military service members; predominantly Caucasian males | TBI/PTSD | Self-led intervention; music therapist as consultant | Self-administered individual music listening to recorded music |
| Gimpel (2016) | Theoretical framework paper | Discussion of a person-centered approach to music therapy to address moral injury among military service members and veterans | United States | Combat veterans | MI | Music therapist | Group drumming, clinical improvisation, and song recreation |
| Gimpel (2018) | Theoretical framework paper | Discuss MI and the applications of music therapy interventions in the treatment of MI | United States | Veterans | MI, PTSD | Music therapist | N/A |
| Kern (2016) | Literature review | Overview of the benefits of music therapy for U.S. Veterans | United States | Veterans | PTSD, TBI | N/A | N/A |
| Lightstone et al. (2015) | Retrospective case study | Overview of a music therapy and clinical psychology co-intervention delivered via remote technology | Canada | Male veteran in his 50s | PTSD | Music therapist and clinical psychologist | Individual, telehealth-based, drum-based, and musical improvisations |
| Powers et al. (2012) | Anecdotal report | Description of a participatory music program | United States | Homeless veterans | N/A | Musically trained non-music therapy staff b | Group open-circle jam session |
| Reschke-Hernandez (2014) | Historical review (biography) | Description of the therapeutic uses of music during the first world war | France (Troops from United States) | Active duty | Shell shock | YMCAb musician Paula Lind Ayers | Group performances/entertainment and singing (“lullaby cure”) |
| Robb (1999) | Historical review | Description of recreational music programming to entertain, provide diversion, and boost morale | United States | Active duty | Shrapnel wounds and training injuries | Red cross workerb Marian Erdman | Group singing and live recreational music, including requests from patients |
| Rorke (1996) | Historical review | Description of the military’s use of music with the wounded of World War II | United States | Active duty and veterans | Shell Shock | Trained music specialistsb | Group/individual active/passive participation, song parody, workshops, audio-reception activities, and fashioning musical instruments |
| Shing (2016) | Descriptive survey | Explore music use by veterans and interest in music therapy services | United States | Predominantly male student/non-student veterans aged 27–78 | N/A | Music therapy student | N/A |
| Spencer (2013) | Historical review/narrative inquiry | Explore the development of music therapy within the veteran population, specifically in the VA system | United States | Music therapists working in VA facilities | Veterans with PTSD, TBI, and other disorders/illnesses | Music therapists | Group performance-based activities, therapeutic music learning, music-assisted relaxation, and NMT techniques |
| Steward (2018) | Case review | Illustrate individualized clinical practice in music therapy as part of treatment programming for veterans with PTSD | United States | Veterans | PTSD, TBI, bipolar disorder, anxiety, and other disorders/conditions | Music therapist | Individualized group and individual active and receptive music interventions |
| Story & Beck (2017) | Intervention development feasibility study (pre-experimental design) | Explore the feasibility of a GIM intervention for female veterans with MST | United States | Veteran women | PTSD, MST | Music therapista | Individual music and imagery and modified guided imagery and music |
| Sullivan (2007) | Historical review | Explore the contributions of women’s military bands to the reconditioning of injured American troops during World War II | United States | Active duty American troops during World War II | Wounded | Women’s military bandsb | Group performances/entertainment |
| Vaudreuil, Avila, et al. (2019) | Case report | Description of the role of music therapy in the interdisciplinary rehabilitation of a severely injured service member | United States | Active duty Male | TBI, broken vertebrae, leg amputation | Music therapist | Individual songwriting, harmonica play, vocalizing, rhythmic speech cueing, MIT/TIMP techniques, therapeutic singing, entrainment, drumming, and music neglect training |
| Vaudreuil, Bronson, et al. (2019) | Case report | Description of the role of performance in the treatment of military service members | United States | Active duty | PTSD, TBI, other psychological concerns | Music therapist | Group and individual therapeutic singing, rhythmic cueing, active music making, lyric analysis, songwriting, performance |
| Wellman & Pinkerton (2015) | Case report | Protocol development to address mood and emotional balance | United States | 36-year-old female veteran | Depression, anxiety, chronic pain, trauma/PTSD, Graves’ disease, fibromyalgia, cervical disc deterioration, and holes in Left ear drum | Music therapista | Individual, specific listening program incorporating patient preferred and therapist selected selections to address mood, drumming |
Note. DIM = Directed Imagery and Music; GIM = Guided Imagery in Music; MI = moral injury; MIT = Melodic Intonation Therapy; MST = military sexual trauma; NMT = Neurologic Music Therapy; PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder; TBI = traumatic brain injury; TIMP = Therapeutic Instrumental Performance; VA = Veterans Affairs.
aMusic therapist provided services, but the publication does not clearly state that a music therapist was involved.
bPublication does not include music therapists, either because services were provided prior to the formal development of the profession or because the musical experiences were incorrectly labeled as music therapy.
| Author and Year . | Publication Type/Study Design . | Purpose . | Country . | Military Personnel Involved . | Diagnosis . | Provider . | Description . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Americans for the Arts (2013) | White paper | Overview of and plan of action for the use of arts interventions with the military including research, practice, and policy recommendations | United States | Service members | TBI, PTSD, psychosocial health needs | Artists, performers, artists in healthcare, and creative arts therapists | Group/individual arts activities and creative arts therapies; music therapy includes active music making |
| American Music Therapy Association (2014) | Status report/briefing paper | Overview of music therapy services provided for service members and veterans involved in recent deployments | United States | Active duty and veterans | PTSD, stress, TBI, etc. | Music therapists | Individual/group interventions including active music making, songwriting, NMT techniques, and drumming, etc. |
| Bensimon et al. (2008) | Mixed methods | Explore the meaning of group drumming | Israel | Active duty men aged 20–23 | PTSD | Music therapista | Group drumming and music listening |
| Bensimon et al. (2012) | Mixed methods | Explore the therapeutic process of group music therapy with young soldiers | Israel | Active duty men aged 20–23 | PTSD | Music therapist | Group drumming, music listening, and music-assisted relaxation |
| Blake (1994) | Case study | Explore the use of Bonny Method of GIM and DIM to explore participants’ inner lives | United States | Vietnam veterans; white males aged 38–47 | PTSD | Music therapista | Individual GIM and DIM |
| Bradt, Biondo, & Vaudreuil, (2019) | Retrospective study | To enhance understanding of the struggles and triumphs experienced by service members during rehabilitation | United States | Eleven active duty service members aged 20–50 | PTSD, TBI, psychological health concerns | Music therapist | Individual and small group experiences including music-guided relaxation, music making, and songwriting (primary intervention) |
| Bronson et al. (2018) | Clinical program description | Outline current program model for patients at two facilities | United States | Active duty | TBI/PTSD | Music therapist | Individual/group interventions, including NMT techniques, therapeutic singing, group music making, and lyric analysis, etc. |
| Burt (1995) | Anecdotal report | Description of group drum improvisation designed to modulate emotions | United States | Vietnam veterans | PTSD | Music therapist | Group hand drumming |
| Davis (1993) | Historical review | Profiles of three early 20th-century music therapists | United States | Active duty | Shell shock, mental and physical injuries | Isa Maud Ilsen Harriet Ayer Seymourb | Rhythmic activities, mental imagery, and music |
| Garrison (2016) | Single-group pretest/posttest design | Explore the impact of music-assisted relaxation in Vietnam veterans | United States | Vietnam veterans; predominantly white males; age 65+ | PTSD | Music therapist | Group active and passive music-assisted relaxation |
| Gantt et al. (2017) | Double-blind, randomized, pre- and post-intervention trial | Assess the efficacy of embedded theta brainwave frequency in music using binaural beat technology on cardiovascular stress responses | United States | Post-deployment military service members; predominantly Caucasian males | TBI/PTSD | Self-led intervention; music therapist as consultant | Self-administered individual music listening to recorded music |
| Gimpel (2016) | Theoretical framework paper | Discussion of a person-centered approach to music therapy to address moral injury among military service members and veterans | United States | Combat veterans | MI | Music therapist | Group drumming, clinical improvisation, and song recreation |
| Gimpel (2018) | Theoretical framework paper | Discuss MI and the applications of music therapy interventions in the treatment of MI | United States | Veterans | MI, PTSD | Music therapist | N/A |
| Kern (2016) | Literature review | Overview of the benefits of music therapy for U.S. Veterans | United States | Veterans | PTSD, TBI | N/A | N/A |
| Lightstone et al. (2015) | Retrospective case study | Overview of a music therapy and clinical psychology co-intervention delivered via remote technology | Canada | Male veteran in his 50s | PTSD | Music therapist and clinical psychologist | Individual, telehealth-based, drum-based, and musical improvisations |
| Powers et al. (2012) | Anecdotal report | Description of a participatory music program | United States | Homeless veterans | N/A | Musically trained non-music therapy staff b | Group open-circle jam session |
| Reschke-Hernandez (2014) | Historical review (biography) | Description of the therapeutic uses of music during the first world war | France (Troops from United States) | Active duty | Shell shock | YMCAb musician Paula Lind Ayers | Group performances/entertainment and singing (“lullaby cure”) |
| Robb (1999) | Historical review | Description of recreational music programming to entertain, provide diversion, and boost morale | United States | Active duty | Shrapnel wounds and training injuries | Red cross workerb Marian Erdman | Group singing and live recreational music, including requests from patients |
| Rorke (1996) | Historical review | Description of the military’s use of music with the wounded of World War II | United States | Active duty and veterans | Shell Shock | Trained music specialistsb | Group/individual active/passive participation, song parody, workshops, audio-reception activities, and fashioning musical instruments |
| Shing (2016) | Descriptive survey | Explore music use by veterans and interest in music therapy services | United States | Predominantly male student/non-student veterans aged 27–78 | N/A | Music therapy student | N/A |
| Spencer (2013) | Historical review/narrative inquiry | Explore the development of music therapy within the veteran population, specifically in the VA system | United States | Music therapists working in VA facilities | Veterans with PTSD, TBI, and other disorders/illnesses | Music therapists | Group performance-based activities, therapeutic music learning, music-assisted relaxation, and NMT techniques |
| Steward (2018) | Case review | Illustrate individualized clinical practice in music therapy as part of treatment programming for veterans with PTSD | United States | Veterans | PTSD, TBI, bipolar disorder, anxiety, and other disorders/conditions | Music therapist | Individualized group and individual active and receptive music interventions |
| Story & Beck (2017) | Intervention development feasibility study (pre-experimental design) | Explore the feasibility of a GIM intervention for female veterans with MST | United States | Veteran women | PTSD, MST | Music therapista | Individual music and imagery and modified guided imagery and music |
| Sullivan (2007) | Historical review | Explore the contributions of women’s military bands to the reconditioning of injured American troops during World War II | United States | Active duty American troops during World War II | Wounded | Women’s military bandsb | Group performances/entertainment |
| Vaudreuil, Avila, et al. (2019) | Case report | Description of the role of music therapy in the interdisciplinary rehabilitation of a severely injured service member | United States | Active duty Male | TBI, broken vertebrae, leg amputation | Music therapist | Individual songwriting, harmonica play, vocalizing, rhythmic speech cueing, MIT/TIMP techniques, therapeutic singing, entrainment, drumming, and music neglect training |
| Vaudreuil, Bronson, et al. (2019) | Case report | Description of the role of performance in the treatment of military service members | United States | Active duty | PTSD, TBI, other psychological concerns | Music therapist | Group and individual therapeutic singing, rhythmic cueing, active music making, lyric analysis, songwriting, performance |
| Wellman & Pinkerton (2015) | Case report | Protocol development to address mood and emotional balance | United States | 36-year-old female veteran | Depression, anxiety, chronic pain, trauma/PTSD, Graves’ disease, fibromyalgia, cervical disc deterioration, and holes in Left ear drum | Music therapista | Individual, specific listening program incorporating patient preferred and therapist selected selections to address mood, drumming |
| Author and Year . | Publication Type/Study Design . | Purpose . | Country . | Military Personnel Involved . | Diagnosis . | Provider . | Description . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Americans for the Arts (2013) | White paper | Overview of and plan of action for the use of arts interventions with the military including research, practice, and policy recommendations | United States | Service members | TBI, PTSD, psychosocial health needs | Artists, performers, artists in healthcare, and creative arts therapists | Group/individual arts activities and creative arts therapies; music therapy includes active music making |
| American Music Therapy Association (2014) | Status report/briefing paper | Overview of music therapy services provided for service members and veterans involved in recent deployments | United States | Active duty and veterans | PTSD, stress, TBI, etc. | Music therapists | Individual/group interventions including active music making, songwriting, NMT techniques, and drumming, etc. |
| Bensimon et al. (2008) | Mixed methods | Explore the meaning of group drumming | Israel | Active duty men aged 20–23 | PTSD | Music therapista | Group drumming and music listening |
| Bensimon et al. (2012) | Mixed methods | Explore the therapeutic process of group music therapy with young soldiers | Israel | Active duty men aged 20–23 | PTSD | Music therapist | Group drumming, music listening, and music-assisted relaxation |
| Blake (1994) | Case study | Explore the use of Bonny Method of GIM and DIM to explore participants’ inner lives | United States | Vietnam veterans; white males aged 38–47 | PTSD | Music therapista | Individual GIM and DIM |
| Bradt, Biondo, & Vaudreuil, (2019) | Retrospective study | To enhance understanding of the struggles and triumphs experienced by service members during rehabilitation | United States | Eleven active duty service members aged 20–50 | PTSD, TBI, psychological health concerns | Music therapist | Individual and small group experiences including music-guided relaxation, music making, and songwriting (primary intervention) |
| Bronson et al. (2018) | Clinical program description | Outline current program model for patients at two facilities | United States | Active duty | TBI/PTSD | Music therapist | Individual/group interventions, including NMT techniques, therapeutic singing, group music making, and lyric analysis, etc. |
| Burt (1995) | Anecdotal report | Description of group drum improvisation designed to modulate emotions | United States | Vietnam veterans | PTSD | Music therapist | Group hand drumming |
| Davis (1993) | Historical review | Profiles of three early 20th-century music therapists | United States | Active duty | Shell shock, mental and physical injuries | Isa Maud Ilsen Harriet Ayer Seymourb | Rhythmic activities, mental imagery, and music |
| Garrison (2016) | Single-group pretest/posttest design | Explore the impact of music-assisted relaxation in Vietnam veterans | United States | Vietnam veterans; predominantly white males; age 65+ | PTSD | Music therapist | Group active and passive music-assisted relaxation |
| Gantt et al. (2017) | Double-blind, randomized, pre- and post-intervention trial | Assess the efficacy of embedded theta brainwave frequency in music using binaural beat technology on cardiovascular stress responses | United States | Post-deployment military service members; predominantly Caucasian males | TBI/PTSD | Self-led intervention; music therapist as consultant | Self-administered individual music listening to recorded music |
| Gimpel (2016) | Theoretical framework paper | Discussion of a person-centered approach to music therapy to address moral injury among military service members and veterans | United States | Combat veterans | MI | Music therapist | Group drumming, clinical improvisation, and song recreation |
| Gimpel (2018) | Theoretical framework paper | Discuss MI and the applications of music therapy interventions in the treatment of MI | United States | Veterans | MI, PTSD | Music therapist | N/A |
| Kern (2016) | Literature review | Overview of the benefits of music therapy for U.S. Veterans | United States | Veterans | PTSD, TBI | N/A | N/A |
| Lightstone et al. (2015) | Retrospective case study | Overview of a music therapy and clinical psychology co-intervention delivered via remote technology | Canada | Male veteran in his 50s | PTSD | Music therapist and clinical psychologist | Individual, telehealth-based, drum-based, and musical improvisations |
| Powers et al. (2012) | Anecdotal report | Description of a participatory music program | United States | Homeless veterans | N/A | Musically trained non-music therapy staff b | Group open-circle jam session |
| Reschke-Hernandez (2014) | Historical review (biography) | Description of the therapeutic uses of music during the first world war | France (Troops from United States) | Active duty | Shell shock | YMCAb musician Paula Lind Ayers | Group performances/entertainment and singing (“lullaby cure”) |
| Robb (1999) | Historical review | Description of recreational music programming to entertain, provide diversion, and boost morale | United States | Active duty | Shrapnel wounds and training injuries | Red cross workerb Marian Erdman | Group singing and live recreational music, including requests from patients |
| Rorke (1996) | Historical review | Description of the military’s use of music with the wounded of World War II | United States | Active duty and veterans | Shell Shock | Trained music specialistsb | Group/individual active/passive participation, song parody, workshops, audio-reception activities, and fashioning musical instruments |
| Shing (2016) | Descriptive survey | Explore music use by veterans and interest in music therapy services | United States | Predominantly male student/non-student veterans aged 27–78 | N/A | Music therapy student | N/A |
| Spencer (2013) | Historical review/narrative inquiry | Explore the development of music therapy within the veteran population, specifically in the VA system | United States | Music therapists working in VA facilities | Veterans with PTSD, TBI, and other disorders/illnesses | Music therapists | Group performance-based activities, therapeutic music learning, music-assisted relaxation, and NMT techniques |
| Steward (2018) | Case review | Illustrate individualized clinical practice in music therapy as part of treatment programming for veterans with PTSD | United States | Veterans | PTSD, TBI, bipolar disorder, anxiety, and other disorders/conditions | Music therapist | Individualized group and individual active and receptive music interventions |
| Story & Beck (2017) | Intervention development feasibility study (pre-experimental design) | Explore the feasibility of a GIM intervention for female veterans with MST | United States | Veteran women | PTSD, MST | Music therapista | Individual music and imagery and modified guided imagery and music |
| Sullivan (2007) | Historical review | Explore the contributions of women’s military bands to the reconditioning of injured American troops during World War II | United States | Active duty American troops during World War II | Wounded | Women’s military bandsb | Group performances/entertainment |
| Vaudreuil, Avila, et al. (2019) | Case report | Description of the role of music therapy in the interdisciplinary rehabilitation of a severely injured service member | United States | Active duty Male | TBI, broken vertebrae, leg amputation | Music therapist | Individual songwriting, harmonica play, vocalizing, rhythmic speech cueing, MIT/TIMP techniques, therapeutic singing, entrainment, drumming, and music neglect training |
| Vaudreuil, Bronson, et al. (2019) | Case report | Description of the role of performance in the treatment of military service members | United States | Active duty | PTSD, TBI, other psychological concerns | Music therapist | Group and individual therapeutic singing, rhythmic cueing, active music making, lyric analysis, songwriting, performance |
| Wellman & Pinkerton (2015) | Case report | Protocol development to address mood and emotional balance | United States | 36-year-old female veteran | Depression, anxiety, chronic pain, trauma/PTSD, Graves’ disease, fibromyalgia, cervical disc deterioration, and holes in Left ear drum | Music therapista | Individual, specific listening program incorporating patient preferred and therapist selected selections to address mood, drumming |
Note. DIM = Directed Imagery and Music; GIM = Guided Imagery in Music; MI = moral injury; MIT = Melodic Intonation Therapy; MST = military sexual trauma; NMT = Neurologic Music Therapy; PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder; TBI = traumatic brain injury; TIMP = Therapeutic Instrumental Performance; VA = Veterans Affairs.
aMusic therapist provided services, but the publication does not clearly state that a music therapist was involved.
bPublication does not include music therapists, either because services were provided prior to the formal development of the profession or because the musical experiences were incorrectly labeled as music therapy.
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