Table 1.6.4 Open in new tab Proposed... | Oxford Academic

Table 1.6.4

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Proposed environmental triggers for endocrine autoimmune diseases subdivided by how they may trigger autoimmunity

	Proposed environmental factor	Endocrine autoimmune disease linked with environmental factor
Fetal/maternal environment
	Maternal medicine during pregnancy	Type 1 diabetes
	Maternal age, excessive weight gain during pregnancy	Type 1 diabetes
	Birth by caesarean section	Type 1 diabetes
Introduction of foreign particles into the body
	Chemicals – nitrates, nitrites, pesticides and industrial chemicals	GD, HT, type 1 diabetes
	Viruses and bacteria	GD, HT, type 1 diabetes
	Dietary factors – cereals, gluten	Type 1 diabetes
	Cow’s milk	Type 1 diabetes
	Eczema	Type 1 diabetes
	Growing up in the city versus the country	Type 1 diabetes
	Iodine levels	GD, HT
Altering how the immune system functions
	Vitamin D levels	Type 1 diabetes
	Smoking or passive smoking	GD, HT, type 1 diabetes
	Stressful life events	GD, HT, type 1 diabetes
	Excessive weight	Type 1 diabetes

	Proposed environmental factor	Endocrine autoimmune disease linked with environmental factor
Fetal/maternal environment
	Maternal medicine during pregnancy	Type 1 diabetes
	Maternal age, excessive weight gain during pregnancy	Type 1 diabetes
	Birth by caesarean section	Type 1 diabetes
Introduction of foreign particles into the body
	Chemicals – nitrates, nitrites, pesticides and industrial chemicals	GD, HT, type 1 diabetes
	Viruses and bacteria	GD, HT, type 1 diabetes
	Dietary factors – cereals, gluten	Type 1 diabetes
	Cow’s milk	Type 1 diabetes
	Eczema	Type 1 diabetes
	Growing up in the city versus the country	Type 1 diabetes
	Iodine levels	GD, HT
Altering how the immune system functions
	Vitamin D levels	Type 1 diabetes
	Smoking or passive smoking	GD, HT, type 1 diabetes
	Stressful life events	GD, HT, type 1 diabetes
	Excessive weight	Type 1 diabetes

GD, Graves’ disease; HT, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.