Risk of Hospitalized COVID-19 and Mortality by Demographic Variables and Preexisting Diagnoses
| . | COVID-19 Positive Inpatient . | COVID-19 Positive Inpatient and Dead* . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Demographics . | Full Model . | Demographics . | Full Model . | ||||
| . | OR (95% CI) . | p Value . | OR (95% CI) . | p Value . | OR (95% CI) . | p Value . | OR (95% CI) . | p Value . |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 65–69 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 70–74 | 1.17 (0.91–1.52) | 2.30E-01 | 1.12 (0.86–1.45) | 4.00E-01 | 1.24 (0.71–2.18) | 4.50E-01 | 1.15 (0.65–2.02) | 6.30E-01 |
| 75–79 | 1.60 (1.24–2.06) | 2.70E-04 | 1.40 (1.08–1.81) | 1.00E-02 | 2.61 (1.55–4.39) | 3.00E-04 | 2.16 (1.27–3.65) | 4.30E-03 |
| 80+ | 2.02 (1.41–2.89) | 1.40E-04 | 1.60 (1.11–2.32) | 1.20E-02 | 3.66 (1.87–7.18) | 1.50E-04 | 2.65 (1.33–5.29) | 5.60E-03 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Male | 1.91 (1.59–2.29) | 5.10E-12 | 1.79 (1.48–2.17) | 2.50E-09 | 2.36 (1.65–3.39) | 2.90E-06 | 2.12 (1.45–3.09) | 1.00E-04 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Black | 3.17 (1.92–5.25) | 7.20E-06 | 2.85 (1.71–4.74) | 5.60E-05 | 3.32 (1.42–7.77) | 5.70E-03 | 2.60 (1.09–6.19) | 3.00E-02 |
| South Asian | 2.01 (1.20–3.36) | 8.30E-03 | 1.69 (1.00–2.85) | 5.00E-02 | 1.63 (0.59–4.51) | 3.50E-01 | 1.20 (0.42–3.36) | 7.40E-01 |
| Other (including mixed and Chinese) | 2.22 (1.24–3.98) | 7.50E-03 | 2.00 (1.11–3.61) | 2.00E-02 | No observations | No observations | ||
| Education | ||||||||
| Degree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Professional qualification | 1.40 (1.03–1.91) | 3.40E-02 | 1.31 (0.96–1.79) | 8.80E-02 | 1.66 (0.93–2.97) | 8.50E-02 | 1.51 (0.85–2.70) | 1.60E-01 |
| School/College | 1.20 (0.92–1.57) | 1.90E-01 | 1.11 (0.85–1.45) | 4.50E-01 | 1.23 (0.73–2.08) | 4.30E-01 | 1.09 (0.64–1.84) | 7.60E-01 |
| None | 2.52 (1.96–3.24) | 5.80E-13 | 2.06 (1.60–2.66) | 2.70E-08 | 2.43 (1.49–3.97) | 3.80E-04 | 1.82 (1.10–2.99) | 1.90E-02 |
| Prevalent disease† | ||||||||
| CHD | 0.95 (0.74–1.21) | 6.60E-01 | 0.86 (0.55–1.36) | 5.30E-01 | ||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.64 (1.24–2.17) | 5.00E-04 | 1.63 (0.98–2.71) | 5.80E-02 | ||||
| Stroke | 1.16 (0.75–1.81) | 5.00E-01 | 0.93 (0.40–2.17) | 8.70E-01 | ||||
| Hypertension | 1.38 (1.13–1.68) | 1.70E-03 | 1.42 (0.96–2.11) | 7.90E-02 | ||||
| Diabetes (type 2) | 1.73 (1.36–2.22) | 1.20E-05 | 3.11 (2.06–4.71) | 7.60E-08 | ||||
| Chronic kidney disease | 1.49 (0.96–2.31) | 7.30E-02 | 0.88 (0.35–2.24) | 8.00E-01 | ||||
| Depression | 1.79 (1.37–2.33) | 1.70E-05 | 1.78 (1.07–2.96) | 2.70E-02 | ||||
| Dementia | 3.50 (1.93–6.34) | 3.60E-05 | 7.30 (3.28–16.21) | 1.10E-06 | ||||
| Asthma | 1.12 (0.87–1.44) | 3.70E-01 | 0.59 (0.33–1.04) | 6.70E-02 | ||||
| COPD | 1.58 (1.17–2.15) | 2.90E-03 | 1.91 (1.10–3.32) | 2.20E-02 | ||||
| Osteoporosis | 1.40 (0.91–2.14) | 1.20E-01 | 1.36 (0.58–3.17) | 4.80E-01 | ||||
| Osteoarthritis | 0.98 (0.77–1.26) | 8.90E-01 | 1.08 (0.69–1.70) | 7.40E-01 | ||||
| Previous disease/ condition† | ||||||||
| Delirium | 1.14 (0.45–2.90) | 7.80E-01 | 1.02 (0.23–4.58) | 9.70E-01 | ||||
| Pneumonia | 1.96 (1.45–2.64) | 1.10E-05 | 1.88 (1.07–3.30) | 2.80E-02 | ||||
| Falls/Fragility fractures | 1.10 (0.89–1.34) | 3.80E-01 | 1.20 (0.82–1.76) | 3.40E-01 | ||||
| . | COVID-19 Positive Inpatient . | COVID-19 Positive Inpatient and Dead* . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Demographics . | Full Model . | Demographics . | Full Model . | ||||
| . | OR (95% CI) . | p Value . | OR (95% CI) . | p Value . | OR (95% CI) . | p Value . | OR (95% CI) . | p Value . |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 65–69 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 70–74 | 1.17 (0.91–1.52) | 2.30E-01 | 1.12 (0.86–1.45) | 4.00E-01 | 1.24 (0.71–2.18) | 4.50E-01 | 1.15 (0.65–2.02) | 6.30E-01 |
| 75–79 | 1.60 (1.24–2.06) | 2.70E-04 | 1.40 (1.08–1.81) | 1.00E-02 | 2.61 (1.55–4.39) | 3.00E-04 | 2.16 (1.27–3.65) | 4.30E-03 |
| 80+ | 2.02 (1.41–2.89) | 1.40E-04 | 1.60 (1.11–2.32) | 1.20E-02 | 3.66 (1.87–7.18) | 1.50E-04 | 2.65 (1.33–5.29) | 5.60E-03 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Male | 1.91 (1.59–2.29) | 5.10E-12 | 1.79 (1.48–2.17) | 2.50E-09 | 2.36 (1.65–3.39) | 2.90E-06 | 2.12 (1.45–3.09) | 1.00E-04 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Black | 3.17 (1.92–5.25) | 7.20E-06 | 2.85 (1.71–4.74) | 5.60E-05 | 3.32 (1.42–7.77) | 5.70E-03 | 2.60 (1.09–6.19) | 3.00E-02 |
| South Asian | 2.01 (1.20–3.36) | 8.30E-03 | 1.69 (1.00–2.85) | 5.00E-02 | 1.63 (0.59–4.51) | 3.50E-01 | 1.20 (0.42–3.36) | 7.40E-01 |
| Other (including mixed and Chinese) | 2.22 (1.24–3.98) | 7.50E-03 | 2.00 (1.11–3.61) | 2.00E-02 | No observations | No observations | ||
| Education | ||||||||
| Degree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Professional qualification | 1.40 (1.03–1.91) | 3.40E-02 | 1.31 (0.96–1.79) | 8.80E-02 | 1.66 (0.93–2.97) | 8.50E-02 | 1.51 (0.85–2.70) | 1.60E-01 |
| School/College | 1.20 (0.92–1.57) | 1.90E-01 | 1.11 (0.85–1.45) | 4.50E-01 | 1.23 (0.73–2.08) | 4.30E-01 | 1.09 (0.64–1.84) | 7.60E-01 |
| None | 2.52 (1.96–3.24) | 5.80E-13 | 2.06 (1.60–2.66) | 2.70E-08 | 2.43 (1.49–3.97) | 3.80E-04 | 1.82 (1.10–2.99) | 1.90E-02 |
| Prevalent disease† | ||||||||
| CHD | 0.95 (0.74–1.21) | 6.60E-01 | 0.86 (0.55–1.36) | 5.30E-01 | ||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.64 (1.24–2.17) | 5.00E-04 | 1.63 (0.98–2.71) | 5.80E-02 | ||||
| Stroke | 1.16 (0.75–1.81) | 5.00E-01 | 0.93 (0.40–2.17) | 8.70E-01 | ||||
| Hypertension | 1.38 (1.13–1.68) | 1.70E-03 | 1.42 (0.96–2.11) | 7.90E-02 | ||||
| Diabetes (type 2) | 1.73 (1.36–2.22) | 1.20E-05 | 3.11 (2.06–4.71) | 7.60E-08 | ||||
| Chronic kidney disease | 1.49 (0.96–2.31) | 7.30E-02 | 0.88 (0.35–2.24) | 8.00E-01 | ||||
| Depression | 1.79 (1.37–2.33) | 1.70E-05 | 1.78 (1.07–2.96) | 2.70E-02 | ||||
| Dementia | 3.50 (1.93–6.34) | 3.60E-05 | 7.30 (3.28–16.21) | 1.10E-06 | ||||
| Asthma | 1.12 (0.87–1.44) | 3.70E-01 | 0.59 (0.33–1.04) | 6.70E-02 | ||||
| COPD | 1.58 (1.17–2.15) | 2.90E-03 | 1.91 (1.10–3.32) | 2.20E-02 | ||||
| Osteoporosis | 1.40 (0.91–2.14) | 1.20E-01 | 1.36 (0.58–3.17) | 4.80E-01 | ||||
| Osteoarthritis | 0.98 (0.77–1.26) | 8.90E-01 | 1.08 (0.69–1.70) | 7.40E-01 | ||||
| Previous disease/ condition† | ||||||||
| Delirium | 1.14 (0.45–2.90) | 7.80E-01 | 1.02 (0.23–4.58) | 9.70E-01 | ||||
| Pneumonia | 1.96 (1.45–2.64) | 1.10E-05 | 1.88 (1.07–3.30) | 2.80E-02 | ||||
| Falls/Fragility fractures | 1.10 (0.89–1.34) | 3.80E-01 | 1.20 (0.82–1.76) | 3.40E-01 | ||||
Notes: CHD = coronary heart disease; CI = confidence interval; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OR = odds ratio. Demographics model (adjusted for age group, sex, ethnicity, education, and baseline assessment center). Full model (adjusted for age group, sex, ethnicity, education, baseline assessment center, and all the above diseases/conditions).
*Comparison group excluded participants testing positive and surviving.
†Diagnoses from baseline self-report and hospital inpatient admissions.
Risk of Hospitalized COVID-19 and Mortality by Demographic Variables and Preexisting Diagnoses
| . | COVID-19 Positive Inpatient . | COVID-19 Positive Inpatient and Dead* . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Demographics . | Full Model . | Demographics . | Full Model . | ||||
| . | OR (95% CI) . | p Value . | OR (95% CI) . | p Value . | OR (95% CI) . | p Value . | OR (95% CI) . | p Value . |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 65–69 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 70–74 | 1.17 (0.91–1.52) | 2.30E-01 | 1.12 (0.86–1.45) | 4.00E-01 | 1.24 (0.71–2.18) | 4.50E-01 | 1.15 (0.65–2.02) | 6.30E-01 |
| 75–79 | 1.60 (1.24–2.06) | 2.70E-04 | 1.40 (1.08–1.81) | 1.00E-02 | 2.61 (1.55–4.39) | 3.00E-04 | 2.16 (1.27–3.65) | 4.30E-03 |
| 80+ | 2.02 (1.41–2.89) | 1.40E-04 | 1.60 (1.11–2.32) | 1.20E-02 | 3.66 (1.87–7.18) | 1.50E-04 | 2.65 (1.33–5.29) | 5.60E-03 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Male | 1.91 (1.59–2.29) | 5.10E-12 | 1.79 (1.48–2.17) | 2.50E-09 | 2.36 (1.65–3.39) | 2.90E-06 | 2.12 (1.45–3.09) | 1.00E-04 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Black | 3.17 (1.92–5.25) | 7.20E-06 | 2.85 (1.71–4.74) | 5.60E-05 | 3.32 (1.42–7.77) | 5.70E-03 | 2.60 (1.09–6.19) | 3.00E-02 |
| South Asian | 2.01 (1.20–3.36) | 8.30E-03 | 1.69 (1.00–2.85) | 5.00E-02 | 1.63 (0.59–4.51) | 3.50E-01 | 1.20 (0.42–3.36) | 7.40E-01 |
| Other (including mixed and Chinese) | 2.22 (1.24–3.98) | 7.50E-03 | 2.00 (1.11–3.61) | 2.00E-02 | No observations | No observations | ||
| Education | ||||||||
| Degree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Professional qualification | 1.40 (1.03–1.91) | 3.40E-02 | 1.31 (0.96–1.79) | 8.80E-02 | 1.66 (0.93–2.97) | 8.50E-02 | 1.51 (0.85–2.70) | 1.60E-01 |
| School/College | 1.20 (0.92–1.57) | 1.90E-01 | 1.11 (0.85–1.45) | 4.50E-01 | 1.23 (0.73–2.08) | 4.30E-01 | 1.09 (0.64–1.84) | 7.60E-01 |
| None | 2.52 (1.96–3.24) | 5.80E-13 | 2.06 (1.60–2.66) | 2.70E-08 | 2.43 (1.49–3.97) | 3.80E-04 | 1.82 (1.10–2.99) | 1.90E-02 |
| Prevalent disease† | ||||||||
| CHD | 0.95 (0.74–1.21) | 6.60E-01 | 0.86 (0.55–1.36) | 5.30E-01 | ||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.64 (1.24–2.17) | 5.00E-04 | 1.63 (0.98–2.71) | 5.80E-02 | ||||
| Stroke | 1.16 (0.75–1.81) | 5.00E-01 | 0.93 (0.40–2.17) | 8.70E-01 | ||||
| Hypertension | 1.38 (1.13–1.68) | 1.70E-03 | 1.42 (0.96–2.11) | 7.90E-02 | ||||
| Diabetes (type 2) | 1.73 (1.36–2.22) | 1.20E-05 | 3.11 (2.06–4.71) | 7.60E-08 | ||||
| Chronic kidney disease | 1.49 (0.96–2.31) | 7.30E-02 | 0.88 (0.35–2.24) | 8.00E-01 | ||||
| Depression | 1.79 (1.37–2.33) | 1.70E-05 | 1.78 (1.07–2.96) | 2.70E-02 | ||||
| Dementia | 3.50 (1.93–6.34) | 3.60E-05 | 7.30 (3.28–16.21) | 1.10E-06 | ||||
| Asthma | 1.12 (0.87–1.44) | 3.70E-01 | 0.59 (0.33–1.04) | 6.70E-02 | ||||
| COPD | 1.58 (1.17–2.15) | 2.90E-03 | 1.91 (1.10–3.32) | 2.20E-02 | ||||
| Osteoporosis | 1.40 (0.91–2.14) | 1.20E-01 | 1.36 (0.58–3.17) | 4.80E-01 | ||||
| Osteoarthritis | 0.98 (0.77–1.26) | 8.90E-01 | 1.08 (0.69–1.70) | 7.40E-01 | ||||
| Previous disease/ condition† | ||||||||
| Delirium | 1.14 (0.45–2.90) | 7.80E-01 | 1.02 (0.23–4.58) | 9.70E-01 | ||||
| Pneumonia | 1.96 (1.45–2.64) | 1.10E-05 | 1.88 (1.07–3.30) | 2.80E-02 | ||||
| Falls/Fragility fractures | 1.10 (0.89–1.34) | 3.80E-01 | 1.20 (0.82–1.76) | 3.40E-01 | ||||
| . | COVID-19 Positive Inpatient . | COVID-19 Positive Inpatient and Dead* . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Demographics . | Full Model . | Demographics . | Full Model . | ||||
| . | OR (95% CI) . | p Value . | OR (95% CI) . | p Value . | OR (95% CI) . | p Value . | OR (95% CI) . | p Value . |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 65–69 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 70–74 | 1.17 (0.91–1.52) | 2.30E-01 | 1.12 (0.86–1.45) | 4.00E-01 | 1.24 (0.71–2.18) | 4.50E-01 | 1.15 (0.65–2.02) | 6.30E-01 |
| 75–79 | 1.60 (1.24–2.06) | 2.70E-04 | 1.40 (1.08–1.81) | 1.00E-02 | 2.61 (1.55–4.39) | 3.00E-04 | 2.16 (1.27–3.65) | 4.30E-03 |
| 80+ | 2.02 (1.41–2.89) | 1.40E-04 | 1.60 (1.11–2.32) | 1.20E-02 | 3.66 (1.87–7.18) | 1.50E-04 | 2.65 (1.33–5.29) | 5.60E-03 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Male | 1.91 (1.59–2.29) | 5.10E-12 | 1.79 (1.48–2.17) | 2.50E-09 | 2.36 (1.65–3.39) | 2.90E-06 | 2.12 (1.45–3.09) | 1.00E-04 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Black | 3.17 (1.92–5.25) | 7.20E-06 | 2.85 (1.71–4.74) | 5.60E-05 | 3.32 (1.42–7.77) | 5.70E-03 | 2.60 (1.09–6.19) | 3.00E-02 |
| South Asian | 2.01 (1.20–3.36) | 8.30E-03 | 1.69 (1.00–2.85) | 5.00E-02 | 1.63 (0.59–4.51) | 3.50E-01 | 1.20 (0.42–3.36) | 7.40E-01 |
| Other (including mixed and Chinese) | 2.22 (1.24–3.98) | 7.50E-03 | 2.00 (1.11–3.61) | 2.00E-02 | No observations | No observations | ||
| Education | ||||||||
| Degree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Professional qualification | 1.40 (1.03–1.91) | 3.40E-02 | 1.31 (0.96–1.79) | 8.80E-02 | 1.66 (0.93–2.97) | 8.50E-02 | 1.51 (0.85–2.70) | 1.60E-01 |
| School/College | 1.20 (0.92–1.57) | 1.90E-01 | 1.11 (0.85–1.45) | 4.50E-01 | 1.23 (0.73–2.08) | 4.30E-01 | 1.09 (0.64–1.84) | 7.60E-01 |
| None | 2.52 (1.96–3.24) | 5.80E-13 | 2.06 (1.60–2.66) | 2.70E-08 | 2.43 (1.49–3.97) | 3.80E-04 | 1.82 (1.10–2.99) | 1.90E-02 |
| Prevalent disease† | ||||||||
| CHD | 0.95 (0.74–1.21) | 6.60E-01 | 0.86 (0.55–1.36) | 5.30E-01 | ||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.64 (1.24–2.17) | 5.00E-04 | 1.63 (0.98–2.71) | 5.80E-02 | ||||
| Stroke | 1.16 (0.75–1.81) | 5.00E-01 | 0.93 (0.40–2.17) | 8.70E-01 | ||||
| Hypertension | 1.38 (1.13–1.68) | 1.70E-03 | 1.42 (0.96–2.11) | 7.90E-02 | ||||
| Diabetes (type 2) | 1.73 (1.36–2.22) | 1.20E-05 | 3.11 (2.06–4.71) | 7.60E-08 | ||||
| Chronic kidney disease | 1.49 (0.96–2.31) | 7.30E-02 | 0.88 (0.35–2.24) | 8.00E-01 | ||||
| Depression | 1.79 (1.37–2.33) | 1.70E-05 | 1.78 (1.07–2.96) | 2.70E-02 | ||||
| Dementia | 3.50 (1.93–6.34) | 3.60E-05 | 7.30 (3.28–16.21) | 1.10E-06 | ||||
| Asthma | 1.12 (0.87–1.44) | 3.70E-01 | 0.59 (0.33–1.04) | 6.70E-02 | ||||
| COPD | 1.58 (1.17–2.15) | 2.90E-03 | 1.91 (1.10–3.32) | 2.20E-02 | ||||
| Osteoporosis | 1.40 (0.91–2.14) | 1.20E-01 | 1.36 (0.58–3.17) | 4.80E-01 | ||||
| Osteoarthritis | 0.98 (0.77–1.26) | 8.90E-01 | 1.08 (0.69–1.70) | 7.40E-01 | ||||
| Previous disease/ condition† | ||||||||
| Delirium | 1.14 (0.45–2.90) | 7.80E-01 | 1.02 (0.23–4.58) | 9.70E-01 | ||||
| Pneumonia | 1.96 (1.45–2.64) | 1.10E-05 | 1.88 (1.07–3.30) | 2.80E-02 | ||||
| Falls/Fragility fractures | 1.10 (0.89–1.34) | 3.80E-01 | 1.20 (0.82–1.76) | 3.40E-01 | ||||
Notes: CHD = coronary heart disease; CI = confidence interval; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OR = odds ratio. Demographics model (adjusted for age group, sex, ethnicity, education, and baseline assessment center). Full model (adjusted for age group, sex, ethnicity, education, baseline assessment center, and all the above diseases/conditions).
*Comparison group excluded participants testing positive and surviving.
†Diagnoses from baseline self-report and hospital inpatient admissions.
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