Demographics

Age

Direct

Aetiology

Ischaemic heart disease

Direct

Comorbidity

Chronic renal failure

Direct

Diabetes mellitus

Direct

Body mass index

Inverse

Symptoms and signs

Pulse

Direct

Blood pressure

Inverse

NYHA class

Direct

S3

Adverse

Therapy

ACE inhibitors/ARBs

Benef icial

β-blocker

Benef icial

Aldosterone antagonist

Benef icial

Laboratory tests

Sodium

Inverse

Troponin

Direct

Creatinine

Direct

Haemoglobin

Inverse

ECG

QRS duration

Direct

Heart rate variability

Inverse

Nonsustained VT

Direct

Imaging

Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension

Direct

Left atrial volume

Direct

Left ventricular ejection fraction

Inverse

Haemodynamics

Peak Vo₂

Inverse

6-minute walk

Inverse

Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure

Direct

Cardiac output

Inverse

Neurohormones

B-type natriuretic peptide/NT-proBNP

Direct

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Direct

Noradrenaline

Direct

Adrenomedullin

Direct

Endothelin-1

Direct

Scoring systems

Heart Failure Survival Score

Inverse

Seattle Heart Failure Model

Direct