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	USCTP	COPERNICUS	CAPRICORN	CARMEN^a	COMET^b	MOCHA	PRECISE	COLUCCI et al.
Patients (n)	1094	2289	1959	479	3029		278	366
NYHA class	II–IV	NA	NA	I–III	II–IV	II–III	II–III	II
LVEF	≤35%	〈25%	Post-MI ≤40%	≤39%	26%	23%	22%	23%
Mean follow-up (months)	6.5	10.4	15	18	58	6	6	12
Mean dose achieved (mg/day)	45	37	20	CAR: 47.9^c CAR: 48.7^d	CAR: 41.8 MET: 85.0	6.25 12.5 bd 25.0	6.25 bd upwards	6.25 bd
Primary endpoint	Safety	All-cause mortality	All-cause mortality or all-cause mortality or CV hospitalization combined	LV remodelling	All-cause mortality	Exercise tolerance Quality of life	Improved EF	CHF progression^
Results	All-cause mortality reduced 65%^e	All-cause mortality reduced 35%	All-cause mortality reduced 23%	LVESVI reduced in combination with enalapril	17% relative risk reduction in favour of carvedilol	All-cause mortality reduced 73%	Morbidity and mortality reduced	Mortality Hospitalization EF^^ all reduced
p value	0.0001	0.00013	0.031	〈0.002	0.0017	0.001 Hospitalization rate 0.01	0.001/0.029	^0.008 ^^0.03

	USCTP	COPERNICUS	CAPRICORN	CARMEN^a	COMET^b	MOCHA	PRECISE	COLUCCI et al.
Patients (n)	1094	2289	1959	479	3029		278	366
NYHA class	II–IV	NA	NA	I–III	II–IV	II–III	II–III	II
LVEF	≤35%	〈25%	Post-MI ≤40%	≤39%	26%	23%	22%	23%
Mean follow-up (months)	6.5	10.4	15	18	58	6	6	12
Mean dose achieved (mg/day)	45	37	20	CAR: 47.9^c CAR: 48.7^d	CAR: 41.8 MET: 85.0	6.25 12.5 bd 25.0	6.25 bd upwards	6.25 bd
Primary endpoint	Safety	All-cause mortality	All-cause mortality or all-cause mortality or CV hospitalization combined	LV remodelling	All-cause mortality	Exercise tolerance Quality of life	Improved EF	CHF progression^
Results	All-cause mortality reduced 65%^e	All-cause mortality reduced 35%	All-cause mortality reduced 23%	LVESVI reduced in combination with enalapril	17% relative risk reduction in favour of carvedilol	All-cause mortality reduced 73%	Morbidity and mortality reduced	Mortality Hospitalization EF^^ all reduced
p value	0.0001	0.00013	0.031	〈0.002	0.0017	0.001 Hospitalization rate 0.01	0.001/0.029	^0.008 ^^0.03

Compared with enalapril alone or in combination with enalapril.

Carvedilol vs metoprolol.

Dose of carvedilol achieved as monotherapy.

Dose of carvedilol achieved as part of combination therapy with enalapril.

Endpoint.

CAPRICORN, Carvedilol Postinfarct Survival Controlled Evaluation; CAR, carvedilol; CARMEN, Carvedilol Ace Inhibitor Remodelling Mild Heart Failure Evaluation; COMET, Carvedilol or Metoprolol European Trial; COPERNICUS, Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESVI, left ventricular end-systolic volume index; MET, metoprolol; MI, myocardial infarction; NYHA, New York Heart Association class; RRR, relative risk reduction; USCTP, US Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Programme.

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