Source: Authors’ analysis based on data from the Kagera Health and Development Survey (KHDS) and the International Coffee Association.

Note: Merchant businesses consist of enterprises that undertake trading or other non-farm informal business. 1(Participation in non-farm self-employment) is a dummy variable that equals 1 if any member of the household reported self-employment in that week or the last 12 months in the first wave, or in that week or the last 6 months in the subsequent waves. “Non-merchant business” is a business in any of the following categories: stall keeper, shopkeeper, restaurant owner, garage owner, bus driver, blacksmith, plumber, carpenter, tailor, repair work, mechanic, mason, painter, hairdresser, shoemaker, butcher, handicrafts, photographer, and doctor. SD |$=$| standard deviation. Robust standard errors are given in parentheses. Standard errors are clustered at the enumeration cluster level. |${}^{*\!\!}\, p\lt .1$|⁠,  |${}^{**\!\!}\:p\lt .05$|⁠,  |${}^{***\!\!}\:p\lt .01$|⁠.