| Modality | Number of Participants Completed (Number of Studies) | Confidence in the Estimate of the Effect of the Intervention* | Magnitude of the Estimate of the Effect Size (# of Studies Reported ES) | Overall Safety | Reported Studies Safety (# Studies Reporting AE) | Strength of the Recommendation |
| Mindfulness/Meditation | 1,209 (11) | B | Small (5) | 0 | +2 (4) | None |
| Relaxation | 1,603 (22) | B | None (3) | 0 | +2 (1) | None |
| Biofeedback | 455 (13) | C | NR | 0 | +2 (1) | None |
| Guided imagery and self-hypnosis | 235 (6) | D | NR | 0 | +2 (1) | None |
| Autogenic training | 152 (2) | D | Small (1) | 0 | 0 (0) | None |
| Modality | Number of Participants Completed (Number of Studies) | Confidence in the Estimate of the Effect of the Intervention* | Magnitude of the Estimate of the Effect Size (# of Studies Reported ES) | Overall Safety | Reported Studies Safety (# Studies Reporting AE) | Strength of the Recommendation |
| Mindfulness/Meditation | 1,209 (11) | B | Small (5) | 0 | +2 (4) | None |
| Relaxation | 1,603 (22) | B | None (3) | 0 | +2 (1) | None |
| Biofeedback | 455 (13) | C | NR | 0 | +2 (1) | None |
| Guided imagery and self-hypnosis | 235 (6) | D | NR | 0 | +2 (1) | None |
| Autogenic training | 152 (2) | D | Small (1) | 0 | 0 (0) | None |
AE = adverse events; ES = effect size; NR = not reported.
Refers to the likelihood that future research will change the confidence in the estimate of the effect; includes four possible levels of confidence based on the GRADE working group approach: A (High); B (Moderate); C (Low); D (Very Low).
Average effect size, as reported by Cohen's d, of studies that reported this information was categorized as none (d < 0.02), small (d = 0.2–0.5), moderate (d = 0.51–0.8), and large (d > 0.8).
Based on overall study sample; reflects the frequency and severity of AEs and categorized into one of the following scores: (+2), appears safe with infrequent AEs; (+1), appears relatively safe, with frequent, nonserious AEs; (0), safety either not reported by at least 50% of studies, or not well understood/conflicting; (−1), appears to have safety concerns including infrequent, serious AEs; (−2), appears to have serious safety concerns, including frequent and serious AEs.
Uses same criteria as overall safety score, but based only on those studies that reported safety.
Strong recommendation in favor of or against = very certain that benefits do, or do not, outweigh risks and burdens; no recommendation = no recommendations can be made; or weak recommendation in favor of or against = benefits and risks and burdens are finely balanced, or appreciable uncertainty exists about the magnitude of benefits and risks.
| Modality | Number of Participants Completed (Number of Studies) | Confidence in the Estimate of the Effect of the Intervention* | Magnitude of the Estimate of the Effect Size (# of Studies Reported ES) | Overall Safety | Reported Studies Safety (# Studies Reporting AE) | Strength of the Recommendation |
| Mindfulness/Meditation | 1,209 (11) | B | Small (5) | 0 | +2 (4) | None |
| Relaxation | 1,603 (22) | B | None (3) | 0 | +2 (1) | None |
| Biofeedback | 455 (13) | C | NR | 0 | +2 (1) | None |
| Guided imagery and self-hypnosis | 235 (6) | D | NR | 0 | +2 (1) | None |
| Autogenic training | 152 (2) | D | Small (1) | 0 | 0 (0) | None |
| Modality | Number of Participants Completed (Number of Studies) | Confidence in the Estimate of the Effect of the Intervention* | Magnitude of the Estimate of the Effect Size (# of Studies Reported ES) | Overall Safety | Reported Studies Safety (# Studies Reporting AE) | Strength of the Recommendation |
| Mindfulness/Meditation | 1,209 (11) | B | Small (5) | 0 | +2 (4) | None |
| Relaxation | 1,603 (22) | B | None (3) | 0 | +2 (1) | None |
| Biofeedback | 455 (13) | C | NR | 0 | +2 (1) | None |
| Guided imagery and self-hypnosis | 235 (6) | D | NR | 0 | +2 (1) | None |
| Autogenic training | 152 (2) | D | Small (1) | 0 | 0 (0) | None |
AE = adverse events; ES = effect size; NR = not reported.
Refers to the likelihood that future research will change the confidence in the estimate of the effect; includes four possible levels of confidence based on the GRADE working group approach: A (High); B (Moderate); C (Low); D (Very Low).
Average effect size, as reported by Cohen's d, of studies that reported this information was categorized as none (d < 0.02), small (d = 0.2–0.5), moderate (d = 0.51–0.8), and large (d > 0.8).
Based on overall study sample; reflects the frequency and severity of AEs and categorized into one of the following scores: (+2), appears safe with infrequent AEs; (+1), appears relatively safe, with frequent, nonserious AEs; (0), safety either not reported by at least 50% of studies, or not well understood/conflicting; (−1), appears to have safety concerns including infrequent, serious AEs; (−2), appears to have serious safety concerns, including frequent and serious AEs.
Uses same criteria as overall safety score, but based only on those studies that reported safety.
Strong recommendation in favor of or against = very certain that benefits do, or do not, outweigh risks and burdens; no recommendation = no recommendations can be made; or weak recommendation in favor of or against = benefits and risks and burdens are finely balanced, or appreciable uncertainty exists about the magnitude of benefits and risks.
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