Table 28.1 Open in new tab Symptomatic...

Table 28.1

Symptomatic (secondary) tic syndromes

Type	Disorder	Comment
A) Congenital
Inherited	Huntington's disease	Occasionally tic-like movements reported. See Chapter 20
	Generalised idiopathic torsion dystonia (Dystonia musculorum deformans)	Occasionally tic-like movements reported. See Chapter 35
	Choreoacanthyocytosis	See Chapter 21
	Tuberous sclerosis	See text.
	Citrullinaemia	See text.
	Richner-Hanhart	Increased tyrosine. Infantile onset cutaneous hyperkeratosis, keratitis, mental retardation, self-mutilation, tics and cortico-spinal tract involvement (Cantu 1981).
Genetic	Down's syndrome	See text.
	Anomaly: XYY	See text.
	Anomaly: XXX/9p	See text.
	Anomaly: Fragile-X	See text.
	Anomaly: 9p monosomy	See text.
	Anomaly: 18q22 translocations	See text.
Developmental	Autism	See text.
	Asperger's syndrome	See text.
B) Acquired
Vascular	Cerebral haemorrhage or infarction	See text.
Trauma	1) Birth trauma	See text.
	2) Head injury in childhood or adult life	See text.
	3) Peripheral injury	See text.
Infections	Encephalitis	See text.
Infections	PANDAS	See text.
Neoplastic	Brain tumour	See text.
‘Degenerative’	Senile tic	See text.
Toxic	Carbon monoxide poisoning	See text.
Toxic	Mercury intoxication	See text
Metabolic	Hypoglycaemia	Doubtful. Weingarten (1968)
Drugs	Tics induced by a. l-dopa b. Antipsychotics c. Stimulants d. Antiepileptics e. Antidepressants f. Alcohol withdrawal g. Illicit drugs: Amphetamines, cocaine, heroin, methylphenidate, pemoline	See text.

Type	Disorder	Comment
A) Congenital
Inherited	Huntington's disease	Occasionally tic-like movements reported. See Chapter 20
	Generalised idiopathic torsion dystonia (Dystonia musculorum deformans)	Occasionally tic-like movements reported. See Chapter 35
	Choreoacanthyocytosis	See Chapter 21
	Tuberous sclerosis	See text.
	Citrullinaemia	See text.
	Richner-Hanhart	Increased tyrosine. Infantile onset cutaneous hyperkeratosis, keratitis, mental retardation, self-mutilation, tics and cortico-spinal tract involvement (Cantu 1981).
Genetic	Down's syndrome	See text.
	Anomaly: XYY	See text.
	Anomaly: XXX/9p	See text.
	Anomaly: Fragile-X	See text.
	Anomaly: 9p monosomy	See text.
	Anomaly: 18q22 translocations	See text.
Developmental	Autism	See text.
	Asperger's syndrome	See text.
B) Acquired
Vascular	Cerebral haemorrhage or infarction	See text.
Trauma	1) Birth trauma	See text.
	2) Head injury in childhood or adult life	See text.
	3) Peripheral injury	See text.
Infections	Encephalitis	See text.
Infections	PANDAS	See text.
Neoplastic	Brain tumour	See text.
‘Degenerative’	Senile tic	See text.
Toxic	Carbon monoxide poisoning	See text.
Toxic	Mercury intoxication	See text
Metabolic	Hypoglycaemia	Doubtful. Weingarten (1968)
Drugs	Tics induced by a. l-dopa b. Antipsychotics c. Stimulants d. Antiepileptics e. Antidepressants f. Alcohol withdrawal g. Illicit drugs: Amphetamines, cocaine, heroin, methylphenidate, pemoline	See text.