Table 1. Open in new tab Populist...

Region	Country	Distrust of institutions	Anti-immigration	Authoritarianism	Distrust of people
Central-Western	Austria	61.0	60.7	55.5	51.6	51.4	51.5	63.9	71.1	70.0	46.0	46.7	42.3
Belgium	56.4	57.1	57.1	50.5	50.7	46.2	66.6	66.9	66.1	49.5	48.7	47.5
France	63.2	66.2	66.5	51.3	52.0	48.8	58.4	59.4	59.8	51.1	50.6	49.1
Germany	63.4	60.1	56.6	49.0	44.0	43.3	63.2	64.9	62.6	48.4	47.0	44.1
Ireland	60.5	67.0	59.5	43.0	47.9	38.5	68.5	68.7	67.0	41.4	43.6	40.8
Switzerland	49.1	46.0	43.5	42.4	41.2	40.4	62.1	66.3	64.1	41.0	41.2	39.1
UK	61.9	62.1	60.7	52.9	51.4	41.1	64.9	67.0	63.1	44.7	44.0	44.0
Southern	Cyprus	52.2	67.8	71.0	58.0	65.9	56.8	76.7	78.4	75.1	54.9	61.8	60.4
Greece	65.6	83.8	–	64.4	70.0	–	79.8	77.2	–	64.0	62.7	–
Italy	–	77.0	70.4	–	51.2	57.9	–	75.7	72.9	–	54.1	54.3
Portugal	72.5	77.2	69.3	52.7	53.2	41.2	65.0	64.9	60.5	57.6	57.7	54.8
Spain	59.8	72.1	70.4	45.2	45.1	41.0	73.0	71.1	70.1	50.8	50.0	50.0
Northern	Denmark	41.9	46.9	–	45.2	44.6	–	62.9	64.9	–	33.2	33.3	–
Finland	47.1	50.4	49.2	40.1	41.1	40.3	64.7	64.5	63.6	36.5	35.9	33.7
Iceland	47.7	61.7	55.4	37.7	36.2	30.0	56.9	57.0	55.7	36.0	36.8	34.4
Netherlands	48.9	48.3	46.6	46.2	44.7	43.4	63.8	63.7	61.3	41.4	39.9	38.8
Norway	52.7	45.1	42.8	46.7	43.4	42.0	63.6	64.4	64.6	34.9	34.8	33.8
Sweden	51.2	46.7	47.8	38.2	35.4	36.3	55.7	57.2	57.4	37.1	37.3	36.9
Eastern	Czechia	70.9	69.8	62.0	56.5	60.0	62.1	68.3	69.9	68.7	53.6	53.1	49.4
Estonia	64.1	63.4	59.8	54.3	49.4	52.7	64.6	66.0	63.4	47.8	45.0	43.9
Hungary	73.7	65.6	59.3	58.0	55.6	63.7	70.9	72.5	68.5	56.8	53.4	52.7
Lithuania	–	72.6	67.1	–	49.4	49.9	–	66.1	65.4	–	50.3	50.4
Poland	77.3	74.9	70.1	41.6	41.3	44.4	75.4	76.6	73.9	59.5	57.4	57.1
Slovakia	65.0	71.0	64.7	52.3	55.5	61.1	72.8	74.7	70.7	57.3	57.8	59.8
Slovenia	64.2	76.1	71.9	53.6	53.2	55.3	68.8	74.6	73.8	54.8	54.0	51.5
Regions ^a	Central	59.4	59.9	57.1	48.7	48.4	44.3	63.9	66.3	64.7	46.0	46.0	43.8
Southern	61.5	72.4	70.2	52.0	54.7	46.3	71.6	71.5	68.6	54.4	56.5	55.1
Northern	49.5	50.4	48.4	41.8	40.2	38.4	60.9	61.4	60.5	37.2	36.9	35.5
Eastern	69.2	70.1	64.6	52.7	52.5	56.6	70.1	72.4	69.8	55.0	53.5	52.4

Region

Country

Distrust of institutions

Anti-immigration

Authoritarianism

Distrust of people

2004–2008

2010–2014

2016–2018

2004–2008

2010–2014

2016–2018

2004–2008

2010–2014

2016–2018

2004–2008

2010–2014

2016–2018

Central-Western

Austria

61.0

60.7

55.5

51.6

51.4

51.5

63.9

71.1

70.0

46.0

46.7

42.3

Belgium

56.4

57.1

50.5

50.7

46.2

66.6

66.9

66.1

49.5

48.7

47.5

France

63.2

66.2

66.5

51.3

52.0

48.8

58.4

59.4

59.8

51.1

50.6

49.1

Germany

63.4

60.1

56.6

49.0

44.0

43.3

63.2

64.9

62.6

48.4

47.0

44.1

Ireland

60.5

67.0

59.5

43.0

47.9

38.5

68.5

68.7

67.0

41.4

43.6

40.8

Switzerland

49.1

46.0

43.5

42.4

41.2

40.4

62.1

66.3

64.1

41.0

41.2

39.1

61.9

62.1

60.7

52.9

51.4

41.1

64.9

67.0

63.1

44.7

44.0

Southern

Cyprus

52.2

67.8

71.0

58.0

65.9

56.8

76.7

78.4

75.1

54.9

61.8

60.4

Greece

65.6

83.8

–

64.4

70.0

–

79.8

77.2

–

64.0

62.7

–

Italy

–

77.0

70.4

–

51.2

57.9

–

75.7

72.9

–

54.1

54.3

Portugal

72.5

77.2

69.3

52.7

53.2

41.2

65.0

64.9

60.5

57.6

57.7

54.8

Spain

59.8

72.1

70.4

45.2

45.1

41.0

73.0

71.1

70.1

50.8

50.0

Northern

Denmark

41.9

46.9

–

45.2

44.6

–

62.9

64.9

–

33.2

33.3

–

Finland

47.1

50.4

49.2

40.1

41.1

40.3

64.7

64.5

63.6

36.5

35.9

33.7

Iceland

47.7

61.7

55.4

37.7

36.2

30.0

56.9

57.0

55.7

36.0

36.8

34.4

Netherlands

48.9

48.3

46.6

46.2

44.7

43.4

63.8

63.7

61.3

41.4

39.9

38.8

Norway

52.7

45.1

42.8

46.7

43.4

42.0

63.6

64.4

64.6

34.9

34.8

33.8

Sweden

51.2

46.7

47.8

38.2

35.4

36.3

55.7

57.2

57.4

37.1

37.3

36.9

Eastern

Czechia

70.9

69.8

62.0

56.5

60.0

62.1

68.3

69.9

68.7

53.6

53.1

49.4

Estonia

64.1

63.4

59.8

54.3

49.4

52.7

64.6

66.0

63.4

47.8

45.0

43.9

Hungary

73.7

65.6

59.3

58.0

55.6

63.7

70.9

72.5

68.5

56.8

53.4

52.7

Lithuania

–

72.6

67.1

–

49.4

49.9

–

66.1

65.4

–

50.3

50.4

Poland

77.3

74.9

70.1

41.6

41.3

44.4

75.4

76.6

73.9

59.5

57.4

57.1

Slovakia

65.0

71.0

64.7

52.3

55.5

61.1

72.8

74.7

70.7

57.3

57.8

59.8

Slovenia

64.2

76.1

71.9

53.6

53.2

55.3

68.8

74.6

73.8

54.8

54.0

51.5

Regions ^a

Central

59.4

59.9

57.1

48.7

48.4

44.3

63.9

66.3

64.7

46.0

43.8

Southern

61.5

72.4

70.2

52.0

54.7

46.3

71.6

71.5

68.6

54.4

56.5

55.1

Northern

49.5

50.4

48.4

41.8

40.2

38.4

60.9

61.4

60.5

37.2

36.9

35.5

Eastern

69.2

70.1

64.6

52.7

52.5

56.6

70.1

72.4

69.8

55.0

53.5

52.4

Region	Country	Distrust of institutions	Anti-immigration	Authoritarianism	Distrust of people
Central-Western	Austria	61.0	60.7	55.5	51.6	51.4	51.5	63.9	71.1	70.0	46.0	46.7	42.3
Belgium	56.4	57.1	57.1	50.5	50.7	46.2	66.6	66.9	66.1	49.5	48.7	47.5
France	63.2	66.2	66.5	51.3	52.0	48.8	58.4	59.4	59.8	51.1	50.6	49.1
Germany	63.4	60.1	56.6	49.0	44.0	43.3	63.2	64.9	62.6	48.4	47.0	44.1
Ireland	60.5	67.0	59.5	43.0	47.9	38.5	68.5	68.7	67.0	41.4	43.6	40.8
Switzerland	49.1	46.0	43.5	42.4	41.2	40.4	62.1	66.3	64.1	41.0	41.2	39.1
UK	61.9	62.1	60.7	52.9	51.4	41.1	64.9	67.0	63.1	44.7	44.0	44.0
Southern	Cyprus	52.2	67.8	71.0	58.0	65.9	56.8	76.7	78.4	75.1	54.9	61.8	60.4
Greece	65.6	83.8	–	64.4	70.0	–	79.8	77.2	–	64.0	62.7	–
Italy	–	77.0	70.4	–	51.2	57.9	–	75.7	72.9	–	54.1	54.3
Portugal	72.5	77.2	69.3	52.7	53.2	41.2	65.0	64.9	60.5	57.6	57.7	54.8
Spain	59.8	72.1	70.4	45.2	45.1	41.0	73.0	71.1	70.1	50.8	50.0	50.0
Northern	Denmark	41.9	46.9	–	45.2	44.6	–	62.9	64.9	–	33.2	33.3	–
Finland	47.1	50.4	49.2	40.1	41.1	40.3	64.7	64.5	63.6	36.5	35.9	33.7
Iceland	47.7	61.7	55.4	37.7	36.2	30.0	56.9	57.0	55.7	36.0	36.8	34.4
Netherlands	48.9	48.3	46.6	46.2	44.7	43.4	63.8	63.7	61.3	41.4	39.9	38.8
Norway	52.7	45.1	42.8	46.7	43.4	42.0	63.6	64.4	64.6	34.9	34.8	33.8
Sweden	51.2	46.7	47.8	38.2	35.4	36.3	55.7	57.2	57.4	37.1	37.3	36.9
Eastern	Czechia	70.9	69.8	62.0	56.5	60.0	62.1	68.3	69.9	68.7	53.6	53.1	49.4
Estonia	64.1	63.4	59.8	54.3	49.4	52.7	64.6	66.0	63.4	47.8	45.0	43.9
Hungary	73.7	65.6	59.3	58.0	55.6	63.7	70.9	72.5	68.5	56.8	53.4	52.7
Lithuania	–	72.6	67.1	–	49.4	49.9	–	66.1	65.4	–	50.3	50.4
Poland	77.3	74.9	70.1	41.6	41.3	44.4	75.4	76.6	73.9	59.5	57.4	57.1
Slovakia	65.0	71.0	64.7	52.3	55.5	61.1	72.8	74.7	70.7	57.3	57.8	59.8
Slovenia	64.2	76.1	71.9	53.6	53.2	55.3	68.8	74.6	73.8	54.8	54.0	51.5
Regions ^a	Central	59.4	59.9	57.1	48.7	48.4	44.3	63.9	66.3	64.7	46.0	46.0	43.8
Southern	61.5	72.4	70.2	52.0	54.7	46.3	71.6	71.5	68.6	54.4	56.5	55.1
Northern	49.5	50.4	48.4	41.8	40.2	38.4	60.9	61.4	60.5	37.2	36.9	35.5
Eastern	69.2	70.1	64.6	52.7	52.5	56.6	70.1	72.4	69.8	55.0	53.5	52.4

Table 1.

Open in new tab

Populist attitudes by region country and period

Region	Country	Distrust of institutions			Anti-immigration			Authoritarianism			Distrust of people
Region	Country	2004–2008	2010–2014	2016–2018	2004–2008	2010–2014	2016–2018	2004–2008	2010–2014	2016–2018	2004–2008	2010–2014	2016–2018
Central-Western	Austria	61.0	60.7	55.5	51.6	51.4	51.5	63.9	71.1	70.0	46.0	46.7	42.3
	Belgium	56.4	57.1	57.1	50.5	50.7	46.2	66.6	66.9	66.1	49.5	48.7	47.5
	France	63.2	66.2	66.5	51.3	52.0	48.8	58.4	59.4	59.8	51.1	50.6	49.1
	Germany	63.4	60.1	56.6	49.0	44.0	43.3	63.2	64.9	62.6	48.4	47.0	44.1
	Ireland	60.5	67.0	59.5	43.0	47.9	38.5	68.5	68.7	67.0	41.4	43.6	40.8
	Switzerland	49.1	46.0	43.5	42.4	41.2	40.4	62.1	66.3	64.1	41.0	41.2	39.1
	UK	61.9	62.1	60.7	52.9	51.4	41.1	64.9	67.0	63.1	44.7	44.0	44.0
Southern	Cyprus	52.2	67.8	71.0	58.0	65.9	56.8	76.7	78.4	75.1	54.9	61.8	60.4
	Greece	65.6	83.8	–	64.4	70.0	–	79.8	77.2	–	64.0	62.7	–
	Italy	–	77.0	70.4	–	51.2	57.9	–	75.7	72.9	–	54.1	54.3
	Portugal	72.5	77.2	69.3	52.7	53.2	41.2	65.0	64.9	60.5	57.6	57.7	54.8
	Spain	59.8	72.1	70.4	45.2	45.1	41.0	73.0	71.1	70.1	50.8	50.0	50.0
Northern	Denmark	41.9	46.9	–	45.2	44.6	–	62.9	64.9	–	33.2	33.3	–
	Finland	47.1	50.4	49.2	40.1	41.1	40.3	64.7	64.5	63.6	36.5	35.9	33.7
	Iceland	47.7	61.7	55.4	37.7	36.2	30.0	56.9	57.0	55.7	36.0	36.8	34.4
	Netherlands	48.9	48.3	46.6	46.2	44.7	43.4	63.8	63.7	61.3	41.4	39.9	38.8
	Norway	52.7	45.1	42.8	46.7	43.4	42.0	63.6	64.4	64.6	34.9	34.8	33.8
	Sweden	51.2	46.7	47.8	38.2	35.4	36.3	55.7	57.2	57.4	37.1	37.3	36.9
Eastern	Czechia	70.9	69.8	62.0	56.5	60.0	62.1	68.3	69.9	68.7	53.6	53.1	49.4
	Estonia	64.1	63.4	59.8	54.3	49.4	52.7	64.6	66.0	63.4	47.8	45.0	43.9
	Hungary	73.7	65.6	59.3	58.0	55.6	63.7	70.9	72.5	68.5	56.8	53.4	52.7
	Lithuania	–	72.6	67.1	–	49.4	49.9	–	66.1	65.4	–	50.3	50.4
	Poland	77.3	74.9	70.1	41.6	41.3	44.4	75.4	76.6	73.9	59.5	57.4	57.1
	Slovakia	65.0	71.0	64.7	52.3	55.5	61.1	72.8	74.7	70.7	57.3	57.8	59.8
	Slovenia	64.2	76.1	71.9	53.6	53.2	55.3	68.8	74.6	73.8	54.8	54.0	51.5
Regions ^a	Central	59.4	59.9	57.1	48.7	48.4	44.3	63.9	66.3	64.7	46.0	46.0	43.8
	Southern	61.5	72.4	70.2	52.0	54.7	46.3	71.6	71.5	68.6	54.4	56.5	55.1
	Northern	49.5	50.4	48.4	41.8	40.2	38.4	60.9	61.4	60.5	37.2	36.9	35.5
	Eastern	69.2	70.1	64.6	52.7	52.5	56.6	70.1	72.4	69.8	55.0	53.5	52.4

Region	Country	Distrust of institutions			Anti-immigration			Authoritarianism			Distrust of people
Region	Country	2004–2008	2010–2014	2016–2018	2004–2008	2010–2014	2016–2018	2004–2008	2010–2014	2016–2018	2004–2008	2010–2014	2016–2018
Central-Western	Austria	61.0	60.7	55.5	51.6	51.4	51.5	63.9	71.1	70.0	46.0	46.7	42.3
	Belgium	56.4	57.1	57.1	50.5	50.7	46.2	66.6	66.9	66.1	49.5	48.7	47.5
	France	63.2	66.2	66.5	51.3	52.0	48.8	58.4	59.4	59.8	51.1	50.6	49.1
	Germany	63.4	60.1	56.6	49.0	44.0	43.3	63.2	64.9	62.6	48.4	47.0	44.1
	Ireland	60.5	67.0	59.5	43.0	47.9	38.5	68.5	68.7	67.0	41.4	43.6	40.8
	Switzerland	49.1	46.0	43.5	42.4	41.2	40.4	62.1	66.3	64.1	41.0	41.2	39.1
	UK	61.9	62.1	60.7	52.9	51.4	41.1	64.9	67.0	63.1	44.7	44.0	44.0
Southern	Cyprus	52.2	67.8	71.0	58.0	65.9	56.8	76.7	78.4	75.1	54.9	61.8	60.4
	Greece	65.6	83.8	–	64.4	70.0	–	79.8	77.2	–	64.0	62.7	–
	Italy	–	77.0	70.4	–	51.2	57.9	–	75.7	72.9	–	54.1	54.3
	Portugal	72.5	77.2	69.3	52.7	53.2	41.2	65.0	64.9	60.5	57.6	57.7	54.8
	Spain	59.8	72.1	70.4	45.2	45.1	41.0	73.0	71.1	70.1	50.8	50.0	50.0
Northern	Denmark	41.9	46.9	–	45.2	44.6	–	62.9	64.9	–	33.2	33.3	–
	Finland	47.1	50.4	49.2	40.1	41.1	40.3	64.7	64.5	63.6	36.5	35.9	33.7
	Iceland	47.7	61.7	55.4	37.7	36.2	30.0	56.9	57.0	55.7	36.0	36.8	34.4
	Netherlands	48.9	48.3	46.6	46.2	44.7	43.4	63.8	63.7	61.3	41.4	39.9	38.8
	Norway	52.7	45.1	42.8	46.7	43.4	42.0	63.6	64.4	64.6	34.9	34.8	33.8
	Sweden	51.2	46.7	47.8	38.2	35.4	36.3	55.7	57.2	57.4	37.1	37.3	36.9
Eastern	Czechia	70.9	69.8	62.0	56.5	60.0	62.1	68.3	69.9	68.7	53.6	53.1	49.4
	Estonia	64.1	63.4	59.8	54.3	49.4	52.7	64.6	66.0	63.4	47.8	45.0	43.9
	Hungary	73.7	65.6	59.3	58.0	55.6	63.7	70.9	72.5	68.5	56.8	53.4	52.7
	Lithuania	–	72.6	67.1	–	49.4	49.9	–	66.1	65.4	–	50.3	50.4
	Poland	77.3	74.9	70.1	41.6	41.3	44.4	75.4	76.6	73.9	59.5	57.4	57.1
	Slovakia	65.0	71.0	64.7	52.3	55.5	61.1	72.8	74.7	70.7	57.3	57.8	59.8
	Slovenia	64.2	76.1	71.9	53.6	53.2	55.3	68.8	74.6	73.8	54.8	54.0	51.5
Regions ^a	Central	59.4	59.9	57.1	48.7	48.4	44.3	63.9	66.3	64.7	46.0	46.0	43.8
	Southern	61.5	72.4	70.2	52.0	54.7	46.3	71.6	71.5	68.6	54.4	56.5	55.1
	Northern	49.5	50.4	48.4	41.8	40.2	38.4	60.9	61.4	60.5	37.2	36.9	35.5
	Eastern	69.2	70.1	64.6	52.7	52.5	56.6	70.1	72.4	69.8	55.0	53.5	52.4

Source: ESS 2004–2018 (all available waves).

Notes: ESS weight variable: pspwght.^a For Greece, Italy, Denmark and Lithuania, the averages by region and period, exclude countries with incomplete period information.

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