| RHS variables . | Voted for an extreme right-wing party in last elections . | Eligible, but did not vote in last elections . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Without controls . | With controls . | Without controls . | With controls . |
| Distrust of institutions | 0.713*** (0.047) | 0.784*** (0.053) | 1.437*** (0.026) | 1.301*** (0.029) |
| Anti-immigration | 2.439*** (0.048) | 3.044*** (0.054) | 0.233*** (0.026) | 0.134*** (0.028) |
| Authoritarianism | 1.254*** (0.058) | 0.470*** (0.064) | −0.524*** (0.031) | −0.511*** (0.033) |
| Distrust of people | 0.442*** (0.053) | 0.161*** (0.060) | 0.616*** (0.031) | 0.643*** (0.032) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) |
| Female | −0.295*** (0.018) | −0.309*** (0.012) | 0.052*** (0.010) | −0.040*** (0.011) |
| Education | ||||
| Primary school | 0.010*** (0.163) | 0.082*** (0.030) | 0.233*** (0.129) | 0.391*** (0.014) |
| Low secondary school | 0.171*** (0.018) | 0.170*** (0.020) | 0.336*** (0.009) | 0.391*** (0.010) |
| Secondary school | 0.087*** (0.015) | 0.061*** (0.016) | −0.012*** (0.008) | −0.117*** (0.009) |
| Higher education | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) |
| Age cohorts | ||||
| Born before 1946 | −0.208*** (0.016) | −0.208*** (0.016) | −0.563*** (0.011) | −0.612*** (0.011) |
| Born 1946–1974 | 0.009*** (0.016) | 0.009*** (0.016) | −0.178*** (0.007) | −0.177*** (0.008) |
| Born after 1974 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) |
| Intercept | −4.485*** (0.051) | −3.789*** (0.098) | −2.272*** (0.028) | −2.250*** (0.032) |
| Other controls | ||||
| Country effects | – | 18 | – | 18 |
| Year effects | – | 8 | – | 8 |
| Country × Year effects | – | 118 | – | 164 |
| No. of observations | 118,295 | 118,295 | 246,332 | 246,332 |
| RHS variables . | Voted for an extreme right-wing party in last elections . | Eligible, but did not vote in last elections . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Without controls . | With controls . | Without controls . | With controls . |
| Distrust of institutions | 0.713*** (0.047) | 0.784*** (0.053) | 1.437*** (0.026) | 1.301*** (0.029) |
| Anti-immigration | 2.439*** (0.048) | 3.044*** (0.054) | 0.233*** (0.026) | 0.134*** (0.028) |
| Authoritarianism | 1.254*** (0.058) | 0.470*** (0.064) | −0.524*** (0.031) | −0.511*** (0.033) |
| Distrust of people | 0.442*** (0.053) | 0.161*** (0.060) | 0.616*** (0.031) | 0.643*** (0.032) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) |
| Female | −0.295*** (0.018) | −0.309*** (0.012) | 0.052*** (0.010) | −0.040*** (0.011) |
| Education | ||||
| Primary school | 0.010*** (0.163) | 0.082*** (0.030) | 0.233*** (0.129) | 0.391*** (0.014) |
| Low secondary school | 0.171*** (0.018) | 0.170*** (0.020) | 0.336*** (0.009) | 0.391*** (0.010) |
| Secondary school | 0.087*** (0.015) | 0.061*** (0.016) | −0.012*** (0.008) | −0.117*** (0.009) |
| Higher education | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) |
| Age cohorts | ||||
| Born before 1946 | −0.208*** (0.016) | −0.208*** (0.016) | −0.563*** (0.011) | −0.612*** (0.011) |
| Born 1946–1974 | 0.009*** (0.016) | 0.009*** (0.016) | −0.178*** (0.007) | −0.177*** (0.008) |
| Born after 1974 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) |
| Intercept | −4.485*** (0.051) | −3.789*** (0.098) | −2.272*** (0.028) | −2.250*** (0.032) |
| Other controls | ||||
| Country effects | – | 18 | – | 18 |
| Year effects | – | 8 | – | 8 |
| Country × Year effects | – | 118 | – | 164 |
| No. of observations | 118,295 | 118,295 | 246,332 | 246,332 |
Source: ESS 2004–2018 (all available waves).
Notes: ESS weight variable: pspwght. ***, **, * statistically significant at the 1%, 5%, and 10% level, respectively.
| RHS variables . | Voted for an extreme right-wing party in last elections . | Eligible, but did not vote in last elections . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Without controls . | With controls . | Without controls . | With controls . |
| Distrust of institutions | 0.713*** (0.047) | 0.784*** (0.053) | 1.437*** (0.026) | 1.301*** (0.029) |
| Anti-immigration | 2.439*** (0.048) | 3.044*** (0.054) | 0.233*** (0.026) | 0.134*** (0.028) |
| Authoritarianism | 1.254*** (0.058) | 0.470*** (0.064) | −0.524*** (0.031) | −0.511*** (0.033) |
| Distrust of people | 0.442*** (0.053) | 0.161*** (0.060) | 0.616*** (0.031) | 0.643*** (0.032) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) |
| Female | −0.295*** (0.018) | −0.309*** (0.012) | 0.052*** (0.010) | −0.040*** (0.011) |
| Education | ||||
| Primary school | 0.010*** (0.163) | 0.082*** (0.030) | 0.233*** (0.129) | 0.391*** (0.014) |
| Low secondary school | 0.171*** (0.018) | 0.170*** (0.020) | 0.336*** (0.009) | 0.391*** (0.010) |
| Secondary school | 0.087*** (0.015) | 0.061*** (0.016) | −0.012*** (0.008) | −0.117*** (0.009) |
| Higher education | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) |
| Age cohorts | ||||
| Born before 1946 | −0.208*** (0.016) | −0.208*** (0.016) | −0.563*** (0.011) | −0.612*** (0.011) |
| Born 1946–1974 | 0.009*** (0.016) | 0.009*** (0.016) | −0.178*** (0.007) | −0.177*** (0.008) |
| Born after 1974 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) |
| Intercept | −4.485*** (0.051) | −3.789*** (0.098) | −2.272*** (0.028) | −2.250*** (0.032) |
| Other controls | ||||
| Country effects | – | 18 | – | 18 |
| Year effects | – | 8 | – | 8 |
| Country × Year effects | – | 118 | – | 164 |
| No. of observations | 118,295 | 118,295 | 246,332 | 246,332 |
| RHS variables . | Voted for an extreme right-wing party in last elections . | Eligible, but did not vote in last elections . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Without controls . | With controls . | Without controls . | With controls . |
| Distrust of institutions | 0.713*** (0.047) | 0.784*** (0.053) | 1.437*** (0.026) | 1.301*** (0.029) |
| Anti-immigration | 2.439*** (0.048) | 3.044*** (0.054) | 0.233*** (0.026) | 0.134*** (0.028) |
| Authoritarianism | 1.254*** (0.058) | 0.470*** (0.064) | −0.524*** (0.031) | −0.511*** (0.033) |
| Distrust of people | 0.442*** (0.053) | 0.161*** (0.060) | 0.616*** (0.031) | 0.643*** (0.032) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) |
| Female | −0.295*** (0.018) | −0.309*** (0.012) | 0.052*** (0.010) | −0.040*** (0.011) |
| Education | ||||
| Primary school | 0.010*** (0.163) | 0.082*** (0.030) | 0.233*** (0.129) | 0.391*** (0.014) |
| Low secondary school | 0.171*** (0.018) | 0.170*** (0.020) | 0.336*** (0.009) | 0.391*** (0.010) |
| Secondary school | 0.087*** (0.015) | 0.061*** (0.016) | −0.012*** (0.008) | −0.117*** (0.009) |
| Higher education | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) |
| Age cohorts | ||||
| Born before 1946 | −0.208*** (0.016) | −0.208*** (0.016) | −0.563*** (0.011) | −0.612*** (0.011) |
| Born 1946–1974 | 0.009*** (0.016) | 0.009*** (0.016) | −0.178*** (0.007) | −0.177*** (0.008) |
| Born after 1974 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) |
| Intercept | −4.485*** (0.051) | −3.789*** (0.098) | −2.272*** (0.028) | −2.250*** (0.032) |
| Other controls | ||||
| Country effects | – | 18 | – | 18 |
| Year effects | – | 8 | – | 8 |
| Country × Year effects | – | 118 | – | 164 |
| No. of observations | 118,295 | 118,295 | 246,332 | 246,332 |
Source: ESS 2004–2018 (all available waves).
Notes: ESS weight variable: pspwght. ***, **, * statistically significant at the 1%, 5%, and 10% level, respectively.
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