Table 3. Open in new tab Distance...

Region	Country	$δ$ = Ability to make ends meet	$δ$ = Deprivation
Central-Western	Mean	25.7	31.1	29.7	42.8	43.9	40.6
Austria	18.8	27.9	25.5	40.4	38.3	32.6
Belgium	32.8	39.5	42.0	44.3	45.8	47.2
France	30.9	36.0	36.4	49.7	48.6	46.7
Germany	17.4	22.7	16.5	49.7	53.1	41.3
Ireland	32.4	41.7	38.8	42.2	60.0	58.2
Switzerland	14.6	20.7	22.8	21.7	20.1	21.8
UK	21.5	29.0	27.8	34.2	44.1	41.3
Southern	Mean	51.3	55.6	53.7	57.7	63.7	62.2
Cyprus	61.7	63.6	72.3	71.7	70.5	71.7
Greece	62.6	57.3	54.5	60.9	72.8	74.1
Italy	48.0	52.9	45.1	46.8	55.2	50.4
Portugal	49.7	55.3	50.1	66.2	63.1	59.7
Spain	36.6	49.0	46.3	45.9	57.1	55.0
Northern	Mean	17.4	19.5	18.8	29.9	29.2	29.0
Denmark	14.1	18.6	18.8	29.7	30.2	29.1
Finland	17.2	15.4	13.7	44.5	38.9	36.6
Iceland	17.9	24.7	25.0	25.2	21.5	25.1
Netherlands	26.3	27.6	27.7	33.5	38.1	41.6
Norway	14.4	15.1	14.4	21.9	21.8	24.4
Sweden	16.2	15.8	16.4	25.6	24.9	25.2
Eastern	Mean	45.0	49.7	42.0	63.6	62.6	53.1
Czechia	49.8	50.1	39.2	64.1	63.9	48.9
Estonia	27.8	39.7	25.4	65.7	56.7	41.1
Hungary	53.2	64.8	58.3	68.4	74.2	68.2
Lithuania	43.3	46.2	42.5	64.2	60.1	60.1
Poland	57.5	51.2	39.9	66.5	66.6	53.1
Slovakia	43.9	46.1	43.2	60.6	59.9	54.4
Slovenia	44.0	49.5	45.8	55.5	57.0	49.5

Region

Country

δ

= Ability to make ends meet

δ

= Deprivation

2004–2008

2009–2014

2015–2018

2004–2008

2009–2014

2015–2018

Central-Western

Mean

25.7

31.1

29.7

42.8

43.9

40.6

Austria

18.8

27.9

25.5

40.4

38.3

32.6

Belgium

32.8

39.5

42.0

44.3

45.8

47.2

France

30.9

36.0

36.4

49.7

48.6

46.7

Germany

17.4

22.7

16.5

49.7

53.1

41.3

Ireland

32.4

41.7

38.8

42.2

60.0

58.2

Switzerland

14.6

20.7

22.8

21.7

20.1

21.8

21.5

29.0

27.8

34.2

44.1

41.3

Southern

Mean

51.3

55.6

53.7

57.7

63.7

62.2

Cyprus

61.7

63.6

72.3

71.7

70.5

71.7

Greece

62.6

57.3

54.5

60.9

72.8

74.1

Italy

48.0

52.9

45.1

46.8

55.2

50.4

Portugal

49.7

55.3

50.1

66.2

63.1

59.7

Spain

36.6

49.0

46.3

45.9

57.1

55.0

Northern

Mean

17.4

19.5

18.8

29.9

29.2

29.0

Denmark

14.1

18.6

18.8

29.7

30.2

29.1

Finland

17.2

15.4

13.7

44.5

38.9

36.6

Iceland

17.9

24.7

25.0

25.2

21.5

25.1

Netherlands

26.3

27.6

27.7

33.5

38.1

41.6

Norway

14.4

15.1

14.4

21.9

21.8

24.4

Sweden

16.2

15.8

16.4

25.6

24.9

25.2

Eastern

Mean

45.0

49.7

42.0

63.6

62.6

53.1

Czechia

49.8

50.1

39.2

64.1

63.9

48.9

Estonia

27.8

39.7

25.4

65.7

56.7

41.1

Hungary

53.2

64.8

58.3

68.4

74.2

68.2

Lithuania

43.3

46.2

42.5

64.2

60.1

Poland

57.5

51.2

39.9

66.5

66.6

53.1

Slovakia

43.9

46.1

43.2

60.6

59.9

54.4

Slovenia

44.0

49.5

45.8

55.5

57.0

49.5

Region	Country	$δ$ = Ability to make ends meet	$δ$ = Deprivation
Central-Western	Mean	25.7	31.1	29.7	42.8	43.9	40.6
Austria	18.8	27.9	25.5	40.4	38.3	32.6
Belgium	32.8	39.5	42.0	44.3	45.8	47.2
France	30.9	36.0	36.4	49.7	48.6	46.7
Germany	17.4	22.7	16.5	49.7	53.1	41.3
Ireland	32.4	41.7	38.8	42.2	60.0	58.2
Switzerland	14.6	20.7	22.8	21.7	20.1	21.8
UK	21.5	29.0	27.8	34.2	44.1	41.3
Southern	Mean	51.3	55.6	53.7	57.7	63.7	62.2
Cyprus	61.7	63.6	72.3	71.7	70.5	71.7
Greece	62.6	57.3	54.5	60.9	72.8	74.1
Italy	48.0	52.9	45.1	46.8	55.2	50.4
Portugal	49.7	55.3	50.1	66.2	63.1	59.7
Spain	36.6	49.0	46.3	45.9	57.1	55.0
Northern	Mean	17.4	19.5	18.8	29.9	29.2	29.0
Denmark	14.1	18.6	18.8	29.7	30.2	29.1
Finland	17.2	15.4	13.7	44.5	38.9	36.6
Iceland	17.9	24.7	25.0	25.2	21.5	25.1
Netherlands	26.3	27.6	27.7	33.5	38.1	41.6
Norway	14.4	15.1	14.4	21.9	21.8	24.4
Sweden	16.2	15.8	16.4	25.6	24.9	25.2
Eastern	Mean	45.0	49.7	42.0	63.6	62.6	53.1
Czechia	49.8	50.1	39.2	64.1	63.9	48.9
Estonia	27.8	39.7	25.4	65.7	56.7	41.1
Hungary	53.2	64.8	58.3	68.4	74.2	68.2
Lithuania	43.3	46.2	42.5	64.2	60.1	60.1
Poland	57.5	51.2	39.9	66.5	66.6	53.1
Slovakia	43.9	46.1	43.2	60.6	59.9	54.4
Slovenia	44.0	49.5	45.8	55.5	57.0	49.5

Table 3.

Open in new tab

Distance between upper-income and low-income classes (in percent points)

Region	Country	$δ$ = Ability to make ends meet			$δ$ = Deprivation
Region	Country	2004–2008	2009–2014	2015–2018	2004–2008	2009–2014	2015–2018
Central-Western	Mean	25.7	31.1	29.7	42.8	43.9	40.6
	Austria	18.8	27.9	25.5	40.4	38.3	32.6
	Belgium	32.8	39.5	42.0	44.3	45.8	47.2
	France	30.9	36.0	36.4	49.7	48.6	46.7
	Germany	17.4	22.7	16.5	49.7	53.1	41.3
	Ireland	32.4	41.7	38.8	42.2	60.0	58.2
	Switzerland	14.6	20.7	22.8	21.7	20.1	21.8
	UK	21.5	29.0	27.8	34.2	44.1	41.3
Southern	Mean	51.3	55.6	53.7	57.7	63.7	62.2
	Cyprus	61.7	63.6	72.3	71.7	70.5	71.7
	Greece	62.6	57.3	54.5	60.9	72.8	74.1
	Italy	48.0	52.9	45.1	46.8	55.2	50.4
	Portugal	49.7	55.3	50.1	66.2	63.1	59.7
	Spain	36.6	49.0	46.3	45.9	57.1	55.0
Northern	Mean	17.4	19.5	18.8	29.9	29.2	29.0
	Denmark	14.1	18.6	18.8	29.7	30.2	29.1
	Finland	17.2	15.4	13.7	44.5	38.9	36.6
	Iceland	17.9	24.7	25.0	25.2	21.5	25.1
	Netherlands	26.3	27.6	27.7	33.5	38.1	41.6
	Norway	14.4	15.1	14.4	21.9	21.8	24.4
	Sweden	16.2	15.8	16.4	25.6	24.9	25.2
Eastern	Mean	45.0	49.7	42.0	63.6	62.6	53.1
	Czechia	49.8	50.1	39.2	64.1	63.9	48.9
	Estonia	27.8	39.7	25.4	65.7	56.7	41.1
	Hungary	53.2	64.8	58.3	68.4	74.2	68.2
	Lithuania	43.3	46.2	42.5	64.2	60.1	60.1
	Poland	57.5	51.2	39.9	66.5	66.6	53.1
	Slovakia	43.9	46.1	43.2	60.6	59.9	54.4
	Slovenia	44.0	49.5	45.8	55.5	57.0	49.5

Region	Country	$δ$ = Ability to make ends meet			$δ$ = Deprivation
Region	Country	2004–2008	2009–2014	2015–2018	2004–2008	2009–2014	2015–2018
Central-Western	Mean	25.7	31.1	29.7	42.8	43.9	40.6
	Austria	18.8	27.9	25.5	40.4	38.3	32.6
	Belgium	32.8	39.5	42.0	44.3	45.8	47.2
	France	30.9	36.0	36.4	49.7	48.6	46.7
	Germany	17.4	22.7	16.5	49.7	53.1	41.3
	Ireland	32.4	41.7	38.8	42.2	60.0	58.2
	Switzerland	14.6	20.7	22.8	21.7	20.1	21.8
	UK	21.5	29.0	27.8	34.2	44.1	41.3
Southern	Mean	51.3	55.6	53.7	57.7	63.7	62.2
	Cyprus	61.7	63.6	72.3	71.7	70.5	71.7
	Greece	62.6	57.3	54.5	60.9	72.8	74.1
	Italy	48.0	52.9	45.1	46.8	55.2	50.4
	Portugal	49.7	55.3	50.1	66.2	63.1	59.7
	Spain	36.6	49.0	46.3	45.9	57.1	55.0
Northern	Mean	17.4	19.5	18.8	29.9	29.2	29.0
	Denmark	14.1	18.6	18.8	29.7	30.2	29.1
	Finland	17.2	15.4	13.7	44.5	38.9	36.6
	Iceland	17.9	24.7	25.0	25.2	21.5	25.1
	Netherlands	26.3	27.6	27.7	33.5	38.1	41.6
	Norway	14.4	15.1	14.4	21.9	21.8	24.4
	Sweden	16.2	15.8	16.4	25.6	24.9	25.2
Eastern	Mean	45.0	49.7	42.0	63.6	62.6	53.1
	Czechia	49.8	50.1	39.2	64.1	63.9	48.9
	Estonia	27.8	39.7	25.4	65.7	56.7	41.1
	Hungary	53.2	64.8	58.3	68.4	74.2	68.2
	Lithuania	43.3	46.2	42.5	64.2	60.1	60.1
	Poland	57.5	51.2	39.9	66.5	66.6	53.1
	Slovakia	43.9	46.1	43.2	60.6	59.9	54.4
	Slovenia	44.0	49.5	45.8	55.5	57.0	49.5

Source: SILC 2004–2018 (all available waves).

Notes: Alienation across social classes is measured by using distances between either (a) average percentage of individuals reporting difficulties to make ends meet (1 = with great difficulties or 2 = with difficulties) or (b) average percentage of individuals with material deprivation (cannot afford two or more items). For a more detailed description of the corresponding SILC questions, see Table A5 in Appendix. SILC weight variable: RB050.

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