Table 7.
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Bounds and Confidence Intervals on Officer Search Costs

Officer race
Driver raceBlackHispanicWhite
Panel A: New officers
Black[20.6, 31.8][0, 14.0][0, 20.6]
(16.0, 49.6)(0, 18.8)(0, 25.0)
Hispanic[7.4, 21.7][0, 19.4][0, 7.4]
(2.3, 34.5)(0, 23.9)(0, 12.5)
White[19.5, 41.1][0, 21.8][0, 19.5]
(12.0, 53.2)(0, 25.8)(0, 27.1)
Panel B: Experienced officers
Black[9.9, 38.4][0, 14.2][0, 9.9]
 (0, 57.3)(0, 26.0)(0, 24.0)
Hispanic[7.3, 18.8][0, 23.9][0, 7.3]
(4.0, 31.9)(0, 35.3)(0, 10.6)
White[21.7, 32.8][0, 29.1][0, 21.7]
(18.5, 41.0)(0, 42.0)(0, 24.9)
Officer race
Driver raceBlackHispanicWhite
Panel A: New officers
Black[20.6, 31.8][0, 14.0][0, 20.6]
(16.0, 49.6)(0, 18.8)(0, 25.0)
Hispanic[7.4, 21.7][0, 19.4][0, 7.4]
(2.3, 34.5)(0, 23.9)(0, 12.5)
White[19.5, 41.1][0, 21.8][0, 19.5]
(12.0, 53.2)(0, 25.8)(0, 27.1)
Panel B: Experienced officers
Black[9.9, 38.4][0, 14.2][0, 9.9]
 (0, 57.3)(0, 26.0)(0, 24.0)
Hispanic[7.3, 18.8][0, 23.9][0, 7.3]
(4.0, 31.9)(0, 35.3)(0, 10.6)
White[21.7, 32.8][0, 29.1][0, 21.7]
(18.5, 41.0)(0, 42.0)(0, 24.9)

Notes: Bounds on search costs by officer experience, under the assumption that black and white troopers are equally informed for each experience level. Confidence intervals on search costs are computed using the method of Imbens and Manski (2004). The bounds provide suggestive evidence that experienced black officers are prejudiced against Hispanic drivers relative to white drivers.

Table 7.
Open in new tab

Bounds and Confidence Intervals on Officer Search Costs

Officer race
Driver raceBlackHispanicWhite
Panel A: New officers
Black[20.6, 31.8][0, 14.0][0, 20.6]
(16.0, 49.6)(0, 18.8)(0, 25.0)
Hispanic[7.4, 21.7][0, 19.4][0, 7.4]
(2.3, 34.5)(0, 23.9)(0, 12.5)
White[19.5, 41.1][0, 21.8][0, 19.5]
(12.0, 53.2)(0, 25.8)(0, 27.1)
Panel B: Experienced officers
Black[9.9, 38.4][0, 14.2][0, 9.9]
 (0, 57.3)(0, 26.0)(0, 24.0)
Hispanic[7.3, 18.8][0, 23.9][0, 7.3]
(4.0, 31.9)(0, 35.3)(0, 10.6)
White[21.7, 32.8][0, 29.1][0, 21.7]
(18.5, 41.0)(0, 42.0)(0, 24.9)
Officer race
Driver raceBlackHispanicWhite
Panel A: New officers
Black[20.6, 31.8][0, 14.0][0, 20.6]
(16.0, 49.6)(0, 18.8)(0, 25.0)
Hispanic[7.4, 21.7][0, 19.4][0, 7.4]
(2.3, 34.5)(0, 23.9)(0, 12.5)
White[19.5, 41.1][0, 21.8][0, 19.5]
(12.0, 53.2)(0, 25.8)(0, 27.1)
Panel B: Experienced officers
Black[9.9, 38.4][0, 14.2][0, 9.9]
 (0, 57.3)(0, 26.0)(0, 24.0)
Hispanic[7.3, 18.8][0, 23.9][0, 7.3]
(4.0, 31.9)(0, 35.3)(0, 10.6)
White[21.7, 32.8][0, 29.1][0, 21.7]
(18.5, 41.0)(0, 42.0)(0, 24.9)

Notes: Bounds on search costs by officer experience, under the assumption that black and white troopers are equally informed for each experience level. Confidence intervals on search costs are computed using the method of Imbens and Manski (2004). The bounds provide suggestive evidence that experienced black officers are prejudiced against Hispanic drivers relative to white drivers.

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