Table 2. Open in new tab WTP-space...

	Citizens	Civil servants	Cross-sample comparison
ASC, non-opt out	1.225***	1.867***	5.342**	3.004*	0.124
	(0.070)	(0.119)	(2.674)	(1.661)
Baltic Proper	0.296***	0.432***	1.175*	1.619*	0.175
	(0.022)	(0.027)	(0.648)	(0.866)
Lakes, streams, and coastal waters	0.215***	0.295***	0.649	1.472	0.314
	(0.023)	(0.033)	(0.430)	(0.915)
Emissions trading	−0.092***	0.225***	−0.829*	0.896*	0.095*
	(0.010)	(0.014)	(0.441)	(0.475)
Legislation and permitting	0.013	0.222***	−0.205	1.141*	0.258
	(0.011)	(0.016)	(0.192)	(0.620)
Rather certain	−0.104***	0.065***	−0.372*	0.174	0.211
	(0.009)	(0.014)	(0.214)	(0.289)
Rather uncertain	−0.461***	0.244***	−1.550*	0.765*	0.181
	(0.025)	(0.016)	(0.814)	(0.422)
Very uncertain	−0.642***	0.408***	−2.271*	1.133*	0.170
	(0.034)	(0.024)	(1.188)	(0.608)
Cost to farmers	−0.013***	0.022***	−0.059*	0.093*	0.149
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.032)	(0.049)
Cost to taxpayers (marginal utility)	−4.434***	3.041***	−1.527*	0.584*
	(0.245)	(0.187)	(0.807)	(0.326)
Observations	40,020	2,449
Respondents	2,001	146
R-squared (constants only)	0.429	0.398

Citizens

Civil servants

Cross-sample comparison

Mean WTP

Standard deviation

Mean WTP

Standard deviation

ASC, non-opt out

1.225***

1.867***

5.342**

3.004*

0.124

(0.070)

(0.119)

(2.674)

(1.661)

Baltic Proper

0.296***

0.432***

1.175*

1.619*

0.175

(0.022)

(0.027)

(0.648)

(0.866)

Lakes, streams, and coastal waters

0.215***

0.295***

0.649

1.472

0.314

(0.023)

(0.033)

(0.430)

(0.915)

Emissions trading

−0.092***

0.225***

−0.829*

0.896*

0.095*

(0.010)

(0.014)

(0.441)

(0.475)

Legislation and permitting

0.013

0.222***

−0.205

1.141*

0.258

(0.011)

(0.016)

(0.192)

(0.620)

Rather certain

−0.104***

0.065***

−0.372*

0.174

0.211

(0.009)

(0.014)

(0.214)

(0.289)

Rather uncertain

−0.461***

0.244***

−1.550*

0.765*

0.181

(0.025)

(0.016)

(0.814)

(0.422)

Very uncertain

−0.642***

0.408***

−2.271*

1.133*

0.170

(0.034)

(0.024)

(1.188)

(0.608)

Cost to farmers

−0.013***

0.022***

−0.059*

0.093*

0.149

(0.001)

(0.032)

(0.049)

Cost to taxpayers (marginal utility)

−4.434***

3.041***

−1.527*

0.584*

(0.245)

(0.187)

(0.807)

(0.326)

Observations

40,020

2,449

Respondents

2,001

146

R-squared (constants only)

0.429

0.398

	Citizens	Civil servants	Cross-sample comparison
ASC, non-opt out	1.225***	1.867***	5.342**	3.004*	0.124
	(0.070)	(0.119)	(2.674)	(1.661)
Baltic Proper	0.296***	0.432***	1.175*	1.619*	0.175
	(0.022)	(0.027)	(0.648)	(0.866)
Lakes, streams, and coastal waters	0.215***	0.295***	0.649	1.472	0.314
	(0.023)	(0.033)	(0.430)	(0.915)
Emissions trading	−0.092***	0.225***	−0.829*	0.896*	0.095*
	(0.010)	(0.014)	(0.441)	(0.475)
Legislation and permitting	0.013	0.222***	−0.205	1.141*	0.258
	(0.011)	(0.016)	(0.192)	(0.620)
Rather certain	−0.104***	0.065***	−0.372*	0.174	0.211
	(0.009)	(0.014)	(0.214)	(0.289)
Rather uncertain	−0.461***	0.244***	−1.550*	0.765*	0.181
	(0.025)	(0.016)	(0.814)	(0.422)
Very uncertain	−0.642***	0.408***	−2.271*	1.133*	0.170
	(0.034)	(0.024)	(1.188)	(0.608)
Cost to farmers	−0.013***	0.022***	−0.059*	0.093*	0.149
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.032)	(0.049)
Cost to taxpayers (marginal utility)	−4.434***	3.041***	−1.527*	0.584*
	(0.245)	(0.187)	(0.807)	(0.326)
Observations	40,020	2,449
Respondents	2,001	146
R-squared (constants only)	0.429	0.398

Table 2.

Open in new tab

WTP-space random parameter logit estimates.

	Citizens		Civil servants		Cross-sample comparison
	Mean WTP	Standard deviation	Mean WTP	Standard deviation	P
ASC, non-opt out	1.225***	1.867***	5.342**	3.004*	0.124
	(0.070)	(0.119)	(2.674)	(1.661)
Baltic Proper	0.296***	0.432***	1.175*	1.619*	0.175
	(0.022)	(0.027)	(0.648)	(0.866)
Lakes, streams, and coastal waters	0.215***	0.295***	0.649	1.472	0.314
	(0.023)	(0.033)	(0.430)	(0.915)
Emissions trading	−0.092***	0.225***	−0.829*	0.896*	0.095*
	(0.010)	(0.014)	(0.441)	(0.475)
Legislation and permitting	0.013	0.222***	−0.205	1.141*	0.258
	(0.011)	(0.016)	(0.192)	(0.620)
Rather certain	−0.104***	0.065***	−0.372*	0.174	0.211
	(0.009)	(0.014)	(0.214)	(0.289)
Rather uncertain	−0.461***	0.244***	−1.550*	0.765*	0.181
	(0.025)	(0.016)	(0.814)	(0.422)
Very uncertain	−0.642***	0.408***	−2.271*	1.133*	0.170
	(0.034)	(0.024)	(1.188)	(0.608)
Cost to farmers	−0.013***	0.022***	−0.059*	0.093*	0.149
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.032)	(0.049)
Cost to taxpayers (marginal utility)	−4.434***	3.041***	−1.527*	0.584*
	(0.245)	(0.187)	(0.807)	(0.326)
Observations	40,020		2,449
Respondents	2,001		146
R-squared (constants only)	0.429		0.398

	Citizens		Civil servants		Cross-sample comparison
	Mean WTP	Standard deviation	Mean WTP	Standard deviation	P
ASC, non-opt out	1.225***	1.867***	5.342**	3.004*	0.124
	(0.070)	(0.119)	(2.674)	(1.661)
Baltic Proper	0.296***	0.432***	1.175*	1.619*	0.175
	(0.022)	(0.027)	(0.648)	(0.866)
Lakes, streams, and coastal waters	0.215***	0.295***	0.649	1.472	0.314
	(0.023)	(0.033)	(0.430)	(0.915)
Emissions trading	−0.092***	0.225***	−0.829*	0.896*	0.095*
	(0.010)	(0.014)	(0.441)	(0.475)
Legislation and permitting	0.013	0.222***	−0.205	1.141*	0.258
	(0.011)	(0.016)	(0.192)	(0.620)
Rather certain	−0.104***	0.065***	−0.372*	0.174	0.211
	(0.009)	(0.014)	(0.214)	(0.289)
Rather uncertain	−0.461***	0.244***	−1.550*	0.765*	0.181
	(0.025)	(0.016)	(0.814)	(0.422)
Very uncertain	−0.642***	0.408***	−2.271*	1.133*	0.170
	(0.034)	(0.024)	(1.188)	(0.608)
Cost to farmers	−0.013***	0.022***	−0.059*	0.093*	0.149
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.032)	(0.049)
Cost to taxpayers (marginal utility)	−4.434***	3.041***	−1.527*	0.584*
	(0.245)	(0.187)	(0.807)	(0.326)
Observations	40,020		2,449
Respondents	2,001		146
R-squared (constants only)	0.429		0.398

Note: Standard errors are given within parentheses. Asterisk (*), double asterisk (**), and triple asterisk (***) denote coefficients significant at 10, 5, and 1 per cent, respectively. Target compliance variables (Baltic Proper; lakes, streams, and coastal waters) are coded as proportions, i.e. take values between 0 and 1; these coefficients thus reflect a 100 per cent difference. Cost to farmers and cost to taxpayers expressed in thousands of SEK. Estimation is in WTP space. The marginal utility of taxpayer cost and all WTP ratios are assumed normally distributed; 20,000 scrambled Sobol draws were used. Column ‘Cross-sample comparison’ presents P values from two-sample z tests of the null hypothesis that mean WTP does not differ between citizens and civil servants.

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