Table 1. Open in new tab Estimates of...

Survey	Year	Estimates of non-affiliation	Question design features
CFPS	2012	32,108	0.890	0.002	0.16	0	0	7	0	0
CFPS	2014	31,578	0.807	0.002	0.06	0	0	7	1	1
CFPS	2016	33,224	0.856	0.002	0.06	0	0	7	0	1
CFPS	2018	30,109	0.601	0.003	0.21	0	NA	NA	1	1
CGSS	2006	10,151	0.867	0.003	0.00	0	0	8	0	0
CGSS	2008	6,000	0.906	0.004	0.00	0	0	12	0	0
CGSS	2010	11,778	0.871	0.003	0.04	0	1	12	0	0
CGSS	2011	5,620	0.888	0.004	0.00	0	1	12	0	1
CGSS	2012	11,763	0.853	0.003	0.02	0	1	12	0	1
CGSS	2013	11,431	0.889	0.003	0.06	0	1	12	0	1
CGSS	2015	10,822	0.891	0.003	1.33	0	1	12	0	1
CLDS	2012	16,248	0.842	0.003	0.03	0	0	9	0	0
CLDS	2014	23,461	0.875	0.002	0.56	0	0	9	0	0
CSS	2006	7,061	0.864	0.004	0.00	0	0	8	0	0
CSS	2008	7,139	0.881	0.004	0.00	0	0	8	0	0
CSS	2015	10,231	0.845	0.004	0.12	0	0	8	0	0
CSS	2017	9,501	0.867	0.003	0.08	0	0	8	0	0
WVS	1990	1,000	0.968	0.006	0.00	1	NA	9	0	0
WVS	2001	990	0.939	0.008	1.00	1	NA	9	0	0
WVS	2007	1,982	0.890	0.007	0.45	1	NA	10	0	0
WVS	2012	2,166	0.852	0.008	5.83	0	0	11	0	0
WVS	2018	3,001	0.868	0.006	1.15	0	1	9	0	0

Survey

Year

Estimates of non-affiliation

Question design features

Non-affiliation

Missing (%)

Filter

“No religion” first

Number of options

Belief (vs. affiliation)

Multiple choices (vs. single choice)

CFPS

2012

32,108

0.890

0.002

0.16

CFPS

2014

31,578

0.807

0.002

0.06

CFPS

2016

33,224

0.856

0.002

0.06

CFPS

2018

30,109

0.601

0.003

0.21

CGSS

2006

10,151

0.867

0.003

0.00

CGSS

2008

6,000

0.906

0.004

0.00

CGSS

2010

11,778

0.871

0.003

0.04

CGSS

2011

5,620

0.888

0.004

0.00

CGSS

2012

11,763

0.853

0.003

0.02

CGSS

2013

11,431

0.889

0.003

0.06

CGSS

2015

10,822

0.891

0.003

1.33

CLDS

2012

16,248

0.842

0.003

0.03

CLDS

2014

23,461

0.875

0.002

0.56

CSS

2006

7,061

0.864

0.004

0.00

CSS

2008

7,139

0.881

0.004

0.00

CSS

2015

10,231

0.845

0.004

0.12

CSS

2017

9,501

0.867

0.003

0.08

WVS

1990

1,000

0.968

0.006

0.00

WVS

2001

990

0.939

0.008

1.00

WVS

2007

1,982

0.890

0.007

0.45

WVS

2012

2,166

0.852

0.008

5.83

WVS

2018

3,001

0.868

0.006

1.15

Survey	Year	Estimates of non-affiliation	Question design features
CFPS	2012	32,108	0.890	0.002	0.16	0	0	7	0	0
CFPS	2014	31,578	0.807	0.002	0.06	0	0	7	1	1
CFPS	2016	33,224	0.856	0.002	0.06	0	0	7	0	1
CFPS	2018	30,109	0.601	0.003	0.21	0	NA	NA	1	1
CGSS	2006	10,151	0.867	0.003	0.00	0	0	8	0	0
CGSS	2008	6,000	0.906	0.004	0.00	0	0	12	0	0
CGSS	2010	11,778	0.871	0.003	0.04	0	1	12	0	0
CGSS	2011	5,620	0.888	0.004	0.00	0	1	12	0	1
CGSS	2012	11,763	0.853	0.003	0.02	0	1	12	0	1
CGSS	2013	11,431	0.889	0.003	0.06	0	1	12	0	1
CGSS	2015	10,822	0.891	0.003	1.33	0	1	12	0	1
CLDS	2012	16,248	0.842	0.003	0.03	0	0	9	0	0
CLDS	2014	23,461	0.875	0.002	0.56	0	0	9	0	0
CSS	2006	7,061	0.864	0.004	0.00	0	0	8	0	0
CSS	2008	7,139	0.881	0.004	0.00	0	0	8	0	0
CSS	2015	10,231	0.845	0.004	0.12	0	0	8	0	0
CSS	2017	9,501	0.867	0.003	0.08	0	0	8	0	0
WVS	1990	1,000	0.968	0.006	0.00	1	NA	9	0	0
WVS	2001	990	0.939	0.008	1.00	1	NA	9	0	0
WVS	2007	1,982	0.890	0.007	0.45	1	NA	10	0	0
WVS	2012	2,166	0.852	0.008	5.83	0	0	11	0	0
WVS	2018	3,001	0.868	0.006	1.15	0	1	9	0	0

Table 1.

Open in new tab

Estimates of non-affiliation and question design features across surveys.

Survey	Year	Estimates of non-affiliation				Question design features
Survey	Year	n	Non-affiliation	SE	Missing (%)	Filter	“No religion” first	Number of options	Belief (vs. affiliation)	Multiple choices (vs. single choice)
CFPS	2012	32,108	0.890	0.002	0.16	0	0	7	0	0
CFPS	2014	31,578	0.807	0.002	0.06	0	0	7	1	1
CFPS	2016	33,224	0.856	0.002	0.06	0	0	7	0	1
CFPS	2018	30,109	0.601	0.003	0.21	0	NA	NA	1	1
CGSS	2006	10,151	0.867	0.003	0.00	0	0	8	0	0
CGSS	2008	6,000	0.906	0.004	0.00	0	0	12	0	0
CGSS	2010	11,778	0.871	0.003	0.04	0	1	12	0	0
CGSS	2011	5,620	0.888	0.004	0.00	0	1	12	0	1
CGSS	2012	11,763	0.853	0.003	0.02	0	1	12	0	1
CGSS	2013	11,431	0.889	0.003	0.06	0	1	12	0	1
CGSS	2015	10,822	0.891	0.003	1.33	0	1	12	0	1
CLDS	2012	16,248	0.842	0.003	0.03	0	0	9	0	0
CLDS	2014	23,461	0.875	0.002	0.56	0	0	9	0	0
CSS	2006	7,061	0.864	0.004	0.00	0	0	8	0	0
CSS	2008	7,139	0.881	0.004	0.00	0	0	8	0	0
CSS	2015	10,231	0.845	0.004	0.12	0	0	8	0	0
CSS	2017	9,501	0.867	0.003	0.08	0	0	8	0	0
WVS	1990	1,000	0.968	0.006	0.00	1	NA	9	0	0
WVS	2001	990	0.939	0.008	1.00	1	NA	9	0	0
WVS	2007	1,982	0.890	0.007	0.45	1	NA	10	0	0
WVS	2012	2,166	0.852	0.008	5.83	0	0	11	0	0
WVS	2018	3,001	0.868	0.006	1.15	0	1	9	0	0

Survey	Year	Estimates of non-affiliation				Question design features
Survey	Year	n	Non-affiliation	SE	Missing (%)	Filter	“No religion” first	Number of options	Belief (vs. affiliation)	Multiple choices (vs. single choice)
CFPS	2012	32,108	0.890	0.002	0.16	0	0	7	0	0
CFPS	2014	31,578	0.807	0.002	0.06	0	0	7	1	1
CFPS	2016	33,224	0.856	0.002	0.06	0	0	7	0	1
CFPS	2018	30,109	0.601	0.003	0.21	0	NA	NA	1	1
CGSS	2006	10,151	0.867	0.003	0.00	0	0	8	0	0
CGSS	2008	6,000	0.906	0.004	0.00	0	0	12	0	0
CGSS	2010	11,778	0.871	0.003	0.04	0	1	12	0	0
CGSS	2011	5,620	0.888	0.004	0.00	0	1	12	0	1
CGSS	2012	11,763	0.853	0.003	0.02	0	1	12	0	1
CGSS	2013	11,431	0.889	0.003	0.06	0	1	12	0	1
CGSS	2015	10,822	0.891	0.003	1.33	0	1	12	0	1
CLDS	2012	16,248	0.842	0.003	0.03	0	0	9	0	0
CLDS	2014	23,461	0.875	0.002	0.56	0	0	9	0	0
CSS	2006	7,061	0.864	0.004	0.00	0	0	8	0	0
CSS	2008	7,139	0.881	0.004	0.00	0	0	8	0	0
CSS	2015	10,231	0.845	0.004	0.12	0	0	8	0	0
CSS	2017	9,501	0.867	0.003	0.08	0	0	8	0	0
WVS	1990	1,000	0.968	0.006	0.00	1	NA	9	0	0
WVS	2001	990	0.939	0.008	1.00	1	NA	9	0	0
WVS	2007	1,982	0.890	0.007	0.45	1	NA	10	0	0
WVS	2012	2,166	0.852	0.008	5.83	0	0	11	0	0
WVS	2018	3,001	0.868	0.006	1.15	0	1	9	0	0

Note. Study abbreviations: CFPS = China Family Panel Studies; CGSS = Chinese General Social Survey; CLDS = China Labor-force Dynamics Survey; CSS = Chinese Social Survey; WVS = World Values Survey.

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