| . | . | Low-income groups . | Middle-income groups . | High-income groups . | Δ Income groups (t-tests) . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Years . | Mean . | Std. Dev. . | Mean . | Std. Dev. . | Mean . | Std. Dev. . | Low vs. middle . | Middle vs. high . |
| France | 23 | 66.515 | 3.259 | 66.199 | 2.974 | 62.047 | 3.624 | 0.740 (0.428) | 8.111* (0.512) |
| Germany | 33 | 73.625 | 5.341 | 71.226 | 4.048 | 65.776 | 5.349 | 2.735* (0.877) | 5.989* (0.910) |
| Great Britain | 37 | 68.369 | 4.096 | 65.349 | 5.173 | 60.621 | 5.831 | 6.751* (0.447) | 11.859* (0.399) |
| Netherlands | 40 | 69.808 | 6.760 | 67.174 | 6.032 | 60.704 | 8.260 | 2.967* (0.887) | 7.156* (0.904) |
| Norway | 29 | 72.087 | 4.136 | 74.673 | 3.884 | 63.140 | 5.444 | −5.145* (0.503) | 10.959* (1.052) |
| Sweden | 33 | 69.912 | 3.691 | 70.428 | 3.993 | 60.980 | 5.280 | −2.352* (0.219) | 17.697* (0.534) |
| Switzerland | 25 | 70.115 | 4.151 | 69.234 | 3.337 | 64.969 | 3.752 | 0.754 (1.168) | 3.795* (1.124) |
| Average | 70.145 | 5.145 | 69.084 | 5.351 | 62.438 | 6.047 | 3.571* (0.297) | 19.033* (0.349) | |
| . | . | Low-income groups . | Middle-income groups . | High-income groups . | Δ Income groups (t-tests) . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Years . | Mean . | Std. Dev. . | Mean . | Std. Dev. . | Mean . | Std. Dev. . | Low vs. middle . | Middle vs. high . |
| France | 23 | 66.515 | 3.259 | 66.199 | 2.974 | 62.047 | 3.624 | 0.740 (0.428) | 8.111* (0.512) |
| Germany | 33 | 73.625 | 5.341 | 71.226 | 4.048 | 65.776 | 5.349 | 2.735* (0.877) | 5.989* (0.910) |
| Great Britain | 37 | 68.369 | 4.096 | 65.349 | 5.173 | 60.621 | 5.831 | 6.751* (0.447) | 11.859* (0.399) |
| Netherlands | 40 | 69.808 | 6.760 | 67.174 | 6.032 | 60.704 | 8.260 | 2.967* (0.887) | 7.156* (0.904) |
| Norway | 29 | 72.087 | 4.136 | 74.673 | 3.884 | 63.140 | 5.444 | −5.145* (0.503) | 10.959* (1.052) |
| Sweden | 33 | 69.912 | 3.691 | 70.428 | 3.993 | 60.980 | 5.280 | −2.352* (0.219) | 17.697* (0.534) |
| Switzerland | 25 | 70.115 | 4.151 | 69.234 | 3.337 | 64.969 | 3.752 | 0.754 (1.168) | 3.795* (1.124) |
| Average | 70.145 | 5.145 | 69.084 | 5.351 | 62.438 | 6.047 | 3.571* (0.297) | 19.033* (0.349) | |
Note. Descriptive statistics are from unstandardized estimations. *p ≤ .05; t-tests include standard errors in parentheses.
| . | . | Low-income groups . | Middle-income groups . | High-income groups . | Δ Income groups (t-tests) . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Years . | Mean . | Std. Dev. . | Mean . | Std. Dev. . | Mean . | Std. Dev. . | Low vs. middle . | Middle vs. high . |
| France | 23 | 66.515 | 3.259 | 66.199 | 2.974 | 62.047 | 3.624 | 0.740 (0.428) | 8.111* (0.512) |
| Germany | 33 | 73.625 | 5.341 | 71.226 | 4.048 | 65.776 | 5.349 | 2.735* (0.877) | 5.989* (0.910) |
| Great Britain | 37 | 68.369 | 4.096 | 65.349 | 5.173 | 60.621 | 5.831 | 6.751* (0.447) | 11.859* (0.399) |
| Netherlands | 40 | 69.808 | 6.760 | 67.174 | 6.032 | 60.704 | 8.260 | 2.967* (0.887) | 7.156* (0.904) |
| Norway | 29 | 72.087 | 4.136 | 74.673 | 3.884 | 63.140 | 5.444 | −5.145* (0.503) | 10.959* (1.052) |
| Sweden | 33 | 69.912 | 3.691 | 70.428 | 3.993 | 60.980 | 5.280 | −2.352* (0.219) | 17.697* (0.534) |
| Switzerland | 25 | 70.115 | 4.151 | 69.234 | 3.337 | 64.969 | 3.752 | 0.754 (1.168) | 3.795* (1.124) |
| Average | 70.145 | 5.145 | 69.084 | 5.351 | 62.438 | 6.047 | 3.571* (0.297) | 19.033* (0.349) | |
| . | . | Low-income groups . | Middle-income groups . | High-income groups . | Δ Income groups (t-tests) . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Years . | Mean . | Std. Dev. . | Mean . | Std. Dev. . | Mean . | Std. Dev. . | Low vs. middle . | Middle vs. high . |
| France | 23 | 66.515 | 3.259 | 66.199 | 2.974 | 62.047 | 3.624 | 0.740 (0.428) | 8.111* (0.512) |
| Germany | 33 | 73.625 | 5.341 | 71.226 | 4.048 | 65.776 | 5.349 | 2.735* (0.877) | 5.989* (0.910) |
| Great Britain | 37 | 68.369 | 4.096 | 65.349 | 5.173 | 60.621 | 5.831 | 6.751* (0.447) | 11.859* (0.399) |
| Netherlands | 40 | 69.808 | 6.760 | 67.174 | 6.032 | 60.704 | 8.260 | 2.967* (0.887) | 7.156* (0.904) |
| Norway | 29 | 72.087 | 4.136 | 74.673 | 3.884 | 63.140 | 5.444 | −5.145* (0.503) | 10.959* (1.052) |
| Sweden | 33 | 69.912 | 3.691 | 70.428 | 3.993 | 60.980 | 5.280 | −2.352* (0.219) | 17.697* (0.534) |
| Switzerland | 25 | 70.115 | 4.151 | 69.234 | 3.337 | 64.969 | 3.752 | 0.754 (1.168) | 3.795* (1.124) |
| Average | 70.145 | 5.145 | 69.084 | 5.351 | 62.438 | 6.047 | 3.571* (0.297) | 19.033* (0.349) | |
Note. Descriptive statistics are from unstandardized estimations. *p ≤ .05; t-tests include standard errors in parentheses.
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