Table 4.2 Open in new tab Sequence and...

Table 4.2

Sequence and typical elements of a standard echocardiography exam

View	Data type
Parasternal long-axis view of the LV (2D + colour Doppler + M-mode)^a	Loop
Parasternal short-axis view at aortic valve level (2D + colour Doppler + M-mode)^a	Loop
Parasternal short-axis view at mitral valve level (2D)^a	Loop
Parasternal short-axis view at mid-papillary level (2D)	Loop
Parasternal RV inflow-tract view (2D + colour Doppler)^a	Loop
Parasternal RV outflow-tract view (2D + colour Doppler)^a	Loop
Apical four-chamber view (2D + colour Doppler)^a	Loop
Apical five-chamber view (2D + colour Doppler)^a	Loop
Apical two-chamber view (2D + colour Doppler)^a	Loop
Apical long-axis view (2D + colour Doppler)^a	Loop
Subcostal four-chamber view (2D + colour Doppler)^a atrial septum	Loop
Subcostal-inferior vena cava collapse during inspiration or sniff (+M-mode)	Loop
Suprasternal long-axis view of the aortic arch (2D + colour Doppler)^a,^b	Loop
Transmitral velocities (PW Doppler)	Spectral Doppler (still frame)
LV outflow tract velocities (PW Doppler)	Spectral Doppler (still frame)
Transaortic/outflow tract velocities (CW Doppler)	Spectral Doppler (still frame)
Tricuspid regurgitant velocities (CW Doppler)	Spectral Doppler (still frame)
Transpulmonary velocities (PW Doppler)	Spectral Doppler (still frame)
Tissue Doppler on mitral annulus (septal, lateral velocities)	Spectral Doppler (still frame)

View	Data type
Parasternal long-axis view of the LV (2D + colour Doppler + M-mode)^a	Loop
Parasternal short-axis view at aortic valve level (2D + colour Doppler + M-mode)^a	Loop
Parasternal short-axis view at mitral valve level (2D)^a	Loop
Parasternal short-axis view at mid-papillary level (2D)	Loop
Parasternal RV inflow-tract view (2D + colour Doppler)^a	Loop
Parasternal RV outflow-tract view (2D + colour Doppler)^a	Loop
Apical four-chamber view (2D + colour Doppler)^a	Loop
Apical five-chamber view (2D + colour Doppler)^a	Loop
Apical two-chamber view (2D + colour Doppler)^a	Loop
Apical long-axis view (2D + colour Doppler)^a	Loop
Subcostal four-chamber view (2D + colour Doppler)^a atrial septum	Loop
Subcostal-inferior vena cava collapse during inspiration or sniff (+M-mode)	Loop
Suprasternal long-axis view of the aortic arch (2D + colour Doppler)^a,^b	Loop
Transmitral velocities (PW Doppler)	Spectral Doppler (still frame)
LV outflow tract velocities (PW Doppler)	Spectral Doppler (still frame)
Transaortic/outflow tract velocities (CW Doppler)	Spectral Doppler (still frame)
Tricuspid regurgitant velocities (CW Doppler)	Spectral Doppler (still frame)
Transpulmonary velocities (PW Doppler)	Spectral Doppler (still frame)
Tissue Doppler on mitral annulus (septal, lateral velocities)	Spectral Doppler (still frame)

Doppler studies with colour-flow imaging may be performed at the end of the grey-scale (B-mode) imaging. M-mode optional in still frames and not necessary in both long- and short-axis views.

In adults this projection may not always be required.

LV, left ventricle; 2D, two dimensional echocardiography; PW, pulsed-wave Doppler; CW, continuous-wave Doppler.

Reproduced with permission from Evangelista A, Flachskampf F, Lancellotti P, et al. European Association of Echocardiography. European Association of Echocardiography recommendations for standardization of performance, digital storage and reporting of echocardiographic studies. Eur J Echocardiogr 2008; 9: 438–48.

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