| Clinical factors . |
|---|
Age, ethnicity, NYHA class |
Signs of congestion, jugular vein pressure, third heart sound, low systolic blood pressure |
Diabetes mellitus, renal dysfunction, depression |
Ischaemic aetiology |
| Clinical factors . |
|---|
Age, ethnicity, NYHA class |
Signs of congestion, jugular vein pressure, third heart sound, low systolic blood pressure |
Diabetes mellitus, renal dysfunction, depression |
Ischaemic aetiology |
| Biochemical factors . |
|---|
Serum sodium |
Serum creatinine/creatinine clearance |
Haemoglobin |
| Biochemical factors . |
|---|
Serum sodium |
Serum creatinine/creatinine clearance |
Haemoglobin |
| Neurohormones and cytokines . |
|---|
Plasma renin activity |
Angiotensin II |
Aldosterone |
Galectin-3 |
Norepinephrine |
Endothelin-1 |
Adrenomedullin/mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin |
B type natriuretic peptide/N-terminal pro-BNP |
Tumour necrosis factor-α |
Vasopressin |
| Neurohormones and cytokines . |
|---|
Plasma renin activity |
Angiotensin II |
Aldosterone |
Galectin-3 |
Norepinephrine |
Endothelin-1 |
Adrenomedullin/mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin |
B type natriuretic peptide/N-terminal pro-BNP |
Tumour necrosis factor-α |
Vasopressin |
| Electrical variables . |
|---|
QRS width |
Left ventricular hypertrophy |
Atrial fibrillation |
Complex ventricular arrhythmia |
Heart rate variability |
| Electrical variables . |
|---|
QRS width |
Left ventricular hypertrophy |
Atrial fibrillation |
Complex ventricular arrhythmia |
Heart rate variability |
| Imaging variables . |
|---|
Left ventricular internal dimensions and fractional shortening |
Cardiothoracic ratio X-ray (normal <0.55) |
Wall motion index (various*) |
Ejection fraction (normal >0.40) |
Restrictive filling pattern/short deceleration time (various*) |
Right ventricular function (various*) |
Mitral regurgitation |
Estimated pulmonary artery pressure |
| Imaging variables . |
|---|
Left ventricular internal dimensions and fractional shortening |
Cardiothoracic ratio X-ray (normal <0.55) |
Wall motion index (various*) |
Ejection fraction (normal >0.40) |
Restrictive filling pattern/short deceleration time (various*) |
Right ventricular function (various*) |
Mitral regurgitation |
Estimated pulmonary artery pressure |
| Exercise test/haemodynamic variables (rest/exercise) . |
|---|
Vo2 max/peak (normal >20mL/kg/min†) |
6-minute walk distance (normal >600 m†) |
Cardiac index (normal >2.5 L/min/m2) |
Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure/pulmonary artery wedge pressure (normal <12mmHg) |
| Exercise test/haemodynamic variables (rest/exercise) . |
|---|
Vo2 max/peak (normal >20mL/kg/min†) |
6-minute walk distance (normal >600 m†) |
Cardiac index (normal >2.5 L/min/m2) |
Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure/pulmonary artery wedge pressure (normal <12mmHg) |
Various measures/classifications can be used and no single threshold for normal/abnormal can be given; † functional capacity varies greatly according to prior fitness, age and sex; values given are a guideline for older (>65 years) adults.
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