Table 2. Open in new tab Description of...

Heterogeneity domain

Predictors

Resource bundle & input intensity

– Land use

Total land (ha), rented land (ha), own land (ha), arable land (ha), grassland (ha), share rented land (0-1), share grassland (0-1)

– Labour (man-work units)

Total on-farm labour, family labour, hired labour, labour intensity (€/ha)

– Materials and capital (€)

Seed expenditure, feed expenditure, capital expenditure, capital intensity (€/ha), feeding intensity (€/ha)

– Cultivation plan (ha)

winter wheat/spelt, spring wheat, durum wheat, rye, winter barley, spring barley, oat, winter cereal mixture, spring cereal mixture, grain maize, corn cob mix, triticale, other cereals, field beans, feed peas, other feed legumes, other legumes, winter canola, spring canola, sunflowers, soybeans, linseed, other oilseeds, energy corn, energy cereals, energy legumes, energy oilseeds, energy beets, potatoes, sugar beet, cabbage⁺, leafy vegetables⁺, fruit vegetables⁺, asparagus⁺, other tubers⁺, legume vegetables⁺, other vegetables⁺, tobacco, grass seeds, other seeds⁺, minor plants (e.g. medicinal plants), other energy plants, other renewable resources, ground ear maize, feed root crops, clover, cover crops, temporary grassland, permanent grassland, alpine pasture, cereal forages, hops, set-aside land, set-aside land (minimum 10 years), fallow

– Livestock count

light horses, heavy horses, male beef, dairy cows, suckler cows, calves, heifers, male cattle, weaners, fattening pigs, sows, boars, sheep, pullets, laying hens, broilers, poultry

Agricultural output bundle (€)

Cereals, canola, potatoes, sugar beet, other plants, milk, pigs, cattle, livestock total, crop total

Farm characteristics

farm type, whole farm value added (€), value added per ha (€/ha), full-time farm (yes/no), age (years), agricultural education (none, low, high), milk yield (litres/cow), potato yield, winter wheat yield, spring wheat yield, grain maize yield, canola yield, general pulses yield, bean yield, fodder plant yield, rye yield, winter barley yield, spring wheat yield, oat yield, triticale yield, pea yield, sugar beet yield, silage maize yield

Biophysical environment

administrative units (counties), yield index unit, altitude (<300m, 300–600m, >600m )

Institutional environment and markets

administrative units (counties), GDP per capita (€), gross value added in agriculture (mio. €), unemployment rate (%), population density (habit./km²), land rental price (€/ha)

Table 2.

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Description of the predictor space for the estimation of the causal forest

Heterogeneity domain	Predictors
Resource bundle & input intensity
– Land use	Total land (ha), rented land (ha), own land (ha), arable land (ha), grassland (ha), share rented land (0-1), share grassland (0-1)
– Labour (man-work units)	Total on-farm labour, family labour, hired labour, labour intensity (€/ha)
– Materials and capital (€)	Seed expenditure, feed expenditure, capital expenditure, capital intensity (€/ha), feeding intensity (€/ha)
– Cultivation plan (ha)	winter wheat/spelt, spring wheat, durum wheat, rye, winter barley, spring barley, oat, winter cereal mixture, spring cereal mixture, grain maize, corn cob mix, triticale, other cereals, field beans, feed peas, other feed legumes, other legumes, winter canola, spring canola, sunflowers, soybeans, linseed, other oilseeds, energy corn, energy cereals, energy legumes, energy oilseeds, energy beets, potatoes, sugar beet, cabbage⁺, leafy vegetables⁺, fruit vegetables⁺, asparagus⁺, other tubers⁺, legume vegetables⁺, other vegetables⁺, tobacco, grass seeds, other seeds⁺, minor plants (e.g. medicinal plants), other energy plants, other renewable resources, ground ear maize, feed root crops, clover, cover crops, temporary grassland, permanent grassland, alpine pasture, cereal forages, hops, set-aside land, set-aside land (minimum 10 years), fallow
– Livestock count	light horses, heavy horses, male beef, dairy cows, suckler cows, calves, heifers, male cattle, weaners, fattening pigs, sows, boars, sheep, pullets, laying hens, broilers, poultry
Agricultural output bundle (€)	Cereals, canola, potatoes, sugar beet, other plants, milk, pigs, cattle, livestock total, crop total
Farm characteristics	farm type, whole farm value added (€), value added per ha (€/ha), full-time farm (yes/no), age (years), agricultural education (none, low, high), milk yield (litres/cow), potato yield, winter wheat yield, spring wheat yield, grain maize yield, canola yield, general pulses yield, bean yield, fodder plant yield, rye yield, winter barley yield, spring wheat yield, oat yield, triticale yield, pea yield, sugar beet yield, silage maize yield
Biophysical environment	administrative units (counties), yield index unit, altitude (<300m, 300–600m, >600m )
Institutional environment and markets	administrative units (counties), GDP per capita (€), gross value added in agriculture (mio. €), unemployment rate (%), population density (habit./km²), land rental price (€/ha)

Heterogeneity domain	Predictors
Resource bundle & input intensity
– Land use	Total land (ha), rented land (ha), own land (ha), arable land (ha), grassland (ha), share rented land (0-1), share grassland (0-1)
– Labour (man-work units)	Total on-farm labour, family labour, hired labour, labour intensity (€/ha)
– Materials and capital (€)	Seed expenditure, feed expenditure, capital expenditure, capital intensity (€/ha), feeding intensity (€/ha)
– Cultivation plan (ha)	winter wheat/spelt, spring wheat, durum wheat, rye, winter barley, spring barley, oat, winter cereal mixture, spring cereal mixture, grain maize, corn cob mix, triticale, other cereals, field beans, feed peas, other feed legumes, other legumes, winter canola, spring canola, sunflowers, soybeans, linseed, other oilseeds, energy corn, energy cereals, energy legumes, energy oilseeds, energy beets, potatoes, sugar beet, cabbage⁺, leafy vegetables⁺, fruit vegetables⁺, asparagus⁺, other tubers⁺, legume vegetables⁺, other vegetables⁺, tobacco, grass seeds, other seeds⁺, minor plants (e.g. medicinal plants), other energy plants, other renewable resources, ground ear maize, feed root crops, clover, cover crops, temporary grassland, permanent grassland, alpine pasture, cereal forages, hops, set-aside land, set-aside land (minimum 10 years), fallow
– Livestock count	light horses, heavy horses, male beef, dairy cows, suckler cows, calves, heifers, male cattle, weaners, fattening pigs, sows, boars, sheep, pullets, laying hens, broilers, poultry
Agricultural output bundle (€)	Cereals, canola, potatoes, sugar beet, other plants, milk, pigs, cattle, livestock total, crop total
Farm characteristics	farm type, whole farm value added (€), value added per ha (€/ha), full-time farm (yes/no), age (years), agricultural education (none, low, high), milk yield (litres/cow), potato yield, winter wheat yield, spring wheat yield, grain maize yield, canola yield, general pulses yield, bean yield, fodder plant yield, rye yield, winter barley yield, spring wheat yield, oat yield, triticale yield, pea yield, sugar beet yield, silage maize yield
Biophysical environment	administrative units (counties), yield index unit, altitude (<300m, 300–600m, >600m )
Institutional environment and markets	administrative units (counties), GDP per capita (€), gross value added in agriculture (mio. €), unemployment rate (%), population density (habit./km²), land rental price (€/ha)

⁺ Field cultivation

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