The means in column 1 are adjusted for gender (male vs female), education (some college or less, college graduate, postgraduate degree), marital status (separated/widowed/divorced, single/never married, married or domestic partnership), living situation (alone, with spouse/partner, with others), and race/ethnicity (White, Hispanic or Latino, Black, Asian, multiple race or other) as fixed classification factors and average pain level, age (in years), number of times visited health care provider for a pain problem in past 12 months as covariates (quantitative independent variables) in a mixed model with goals as a classification factor (a repeated measure) and individuals as levels of a random classification factor. A priori contrasts for pain reduction vs each of the other six goals and further contrasts, not independent of the other six, contrasting pain reduction with the other goals jointly and with other goals (excluding “finding a cure”) are shown in the third column. Scores for each treatment goal range potentially from 1 (not at all important) to 10 (extremely important). SE is standard error. The means shown in column 3 are unadjusted difference scores. Due to missing data, the total number of responses provided for each variable listed above is as follows: reduce my pain = 232, minimize harmful side effects from pain medicines = 224, decrease effects of pain on one’s ability to do everyday activities = 226, decrease effects of pain on one’s ability to enjoy life = 234, decrease effects of pain on one’s ability to connect with loved ones = 229, determine cause of pain = 234, and find a cure for pain = 231.