| NIRS threshold . | . | 45%rSO2 . | 20%BLrSO2 . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Total (100%) . | No-CD . | CD . | P-value . | No-CD . | CD . | P-value . |
| n= . | 32 . | 8 . | 24 . | . | 17 . | 15 . | . |
| Patient-related characteristics | |||||||
| Gender male, n (%) | 23 (72) | 6 (75) | 17 (71) | 1 | 11 (65) | 12 (80) | 0.444 |
| Cardiac diagnosis, n (%) | 0.642a | 0.013a | |||||
| D-Transposition of the great arteries | 24 (75) | 7 (88) | 17 (71) | 16 (94) | 8 (53) | ||
| Other | 8 (25) | 1 (13) | 7 (29) | 1 (6) | 7 (47) | ||
| Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | 3 (9) | 0 | 3 (13) | 0 | 3 (20) | ||
| Tricuspid atresia | 2 (6) | 0 | 2 (8) | 0 | 2 (13) | ||
| L-Transposition of the great arteries | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 (4) | 0 | 1 (7) | ||
| Ventricular septal defect, large | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 (4) | 0 | 1 (7) | ||
| Interrupted aortic arch type B | 1 (3) | 1 (13) | 0 | 1 (6) | 0 | ||
| Gestational age at birth [weeks], mean (SD) | 39.5 (1.2) | 39.4 (1.5) | 39.6 (1.2) | 0.741 | 39.6 (1.2) | 39.4 (1.3) | 0.691 |
| Body weight at birth [grams], mean (SD) | 3404.2 (425.2) | 3241.3 (402.5) | 3458.5 (426.7) | 0.216 | 3425.6 (430.8) | 3380.0 (432.5) | 0.768 |
| Z-scoreb, mean (SD) | –0.22 (0.86) | –0.54 (0.50) | –0.11 (0.93) | 0.227 | –0.17 (0.83) | –0.27 (0.91) | 0.762 |
| Head circumference at birth [cm], mean (SD) | 34.4 (1.0) | 34.3 (1.0) | 34.4 (1.0) | 0.784 | 34.6 (0.8) | 34.2 (1.1) | 0.268 |
| Z-scoreb, mean (SD) | –0.65 (0.69) | –0.62 (0.54) | –0.66 (0.75) | 0.878 | –0.45 (0.57) | –0.89 (0.77) | 0.096 |
| Socioeconomic status, median (IQR) | 9.0 (7.0-11.0) | 10.5 (9.75-12.0) | 9.0 (6.5-10.0) | 0.071 | 10.0 (6.0-11.25) | 9.0 (7.5-10.5) | 0.889 |
| Procedure-related characteristics | |||||||
| Postmenstrual age at surgery [weeks], mean (SD) | 41.6 (1.4) | 41.0 (0.9) | 41.8 (1.4) | 0.161 | 41.5 (1.3) | 41.7 (1.5) | 0.732 |
| Age at surgery [days], mean (SD) | 14.4 (5.8) | 11.4 (6.0) | 15.4 (5.5) | 0.088 | 13.3 (5.6) | 15.7 (6.0) | 0.254 |
| Type of cardiac surgery, n (%) | 0.394c | 0.010c | |||||
| Arterial switch | 24 (75) | 7 (88) | 17 (71) | 16 (94) | 8 (53) | ||
| Norwood I | 5 (16) | 0 | 5 (21) | 0 | 5 (33) | ||
| Other | 3 (9) | 1 (13) | 2 (8) | 1 (6) | 2 (13) | ||
| Aortic arch surgery | 1 (3) | 1 (13) | 0 | 1 (6) | 0 | ||
| Closure of atrial and ventricular septum defect | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 (4) | 0 | 1 (7) | ||
| Central aortopulmonary shunt procedure | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 (4) | 0 | 1 (7) | ||
| Duration of surgery [min], mean (SD) | 289.4 (69.8) | 279.0 (69.0) | 292.8 (71.2) | 0.635 | 281.2 (60.5) | 298.6 (80.2) | 0.492 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass, n (%)d | 31 (97.9) | 8 (100) | 23 (96) | 1 | 17 (100) | 14 (93) | 0.469 |
| Extracorporeal circulation time [min]d, mean (SD) | 189.3 (46.6) | 180.1 (45.3) | 192.4 (47.7) | 0.529 | 183.5 (49.8) | 196.2 (43.3) | 0.460 |
| Aortic cross-clamping time [min]d, mean (SD) | 122.9 (28.7) | 118.1 (28.9) | 124.5 (29.1) | 0.596 | 124.8 (31.6) | 120.6 (25.8) | 0.693 |
| Selective antegrade cerebral perfusion time [min]e, mean (SD) | 26.1 (11.9) | 25.0 (13.0) | 26.8 (12.7) | 0.853 | 25.0 (13.0) | 26.8 (12.7) | 0.853 |
| Deepest temperature, intraoperative, mean (SD) | 27.6 (4.5) | 25.5 (5.6) | 28.3 (4.0) | 0.131 | 27.7 (4.7) | 27.5 (4.5) | 0.945 |
| Baseline rSO2f, mean (SD) | 50.9 (10.3) | 59.4 (6.2) | 48.1 (10.0) | 0.006 | 51.9 (10.2) | 49.8 (10.8) | 0.573 |
| NIRS threshold . | . | 45%rSO2 . | 20%BLrSO2 . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Total (100%) . | No-CD . | CD . | P-value . | No-CD . | CD . | P-value . |
| n= . | 32 . | 8 . | 24 . | . | 17 . | 15 . | . |
| Patient-related characteristics | |||||||
| Gender male, n (%) | 23 (72) | 6 (75) | 17 (71) | 1 | 11 (65) | 12 (80) | 0.444 |
| Cardiac diagnosis, n (%) | 0.642a | 0.013a | |||||
| D-Transposition of the great arteries | 24 (75) | 7 (88) | 17 (71) | 16 (94) | 8 (53) | ||
| Other | 8 (25) | 1 (13) | 7 (29) | 1 (6) | 7 (47) | ||
| Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | 3 (9) | 0 | 3 (13) | 0 | 3 (20) | ||
| Tricuspid atresia | 2 (6) | 0 | 2 (8) | 0 | 2 (13) | ||
| L-Transposition of the great arteries | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 (4) | 0 | 1 (7) | ||
| Ventricular septal defect, large | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 (4) | 0 | 1 (7) | ||
| Interrupted aortic arch type B | 1 (3) | 1 (13) | 0 | 1 (6) | 0 | ||
| Gestational age at birth [weeks], mean (SD) | 39.5 (1.2) | 39.4 (1.5) | 39.6 (1.2) | 0.741 | 39.6 (1.2) | 39.4 (1.3) | 0.691 |
| Body weight at birth [grams], mean (SD) | 3404.2 (425.2) | 3241.3 (402.5) | 3458.5 (426.7) | 0.216 | 3425.6 (430.8) | 3380.0 (432.5) | 0.768 |
| Z-scoreb, mean (SD) | –0.22 (0.86) | –0.54 (0.50) | –0.11 (0.93) | 0.227 | –0.17 (0.83) | –0.27 (0.91) | 0.762 |
| Head circumference at birth [cm], mean (SD) | 34.4 (1.0) | 34.3 (1.0) | 34.4 (1.0) | 0.784 | 34.6 (0.8) | 34.2 (1.1) | 0.268 |
| Z-scoreb, mean (SD) | –0.65 (0.69) | –0.62 (0.54) | –0.66 (0.75) | 0.878 | –0.45 (0.57) | –0.89 (0.77) | 0.096 |
| Socioeconomic status, median (IQR) | 9.0 (7.0-11.0) | 10.5 (9.75-12.0) | 9.0 (6.5-10.0) | 0.071 | 10.0 (6.0-11.25) | 9.0 (7.5-10.5) | 0.889 |
| Procedure-related characteristics | |||||||
| Postmenstrual age at surgery [weeks], mean (SD) | 41.6 (1.4) | 41.0 (0.9) | 41.8 (1.4) | 0.161 | 41.5 (1.3) | 41.7 (1.5) | 0.732 |
| Age at surgery [days], mean (SD) | 14.4 (5.8) | 11.4 (6.0) | 15.4 (5.5) | 0.088 | 13.3 (5.6) | 15.7 (6.0) | 0.254 |
| Type of cardiac surgery, n (%) | 0.394c | 0.010c | |||||
| Arterial switch | 24 (75) | 7 (88) | 17 (71) | 16 (94) | 8 (53) | ||
| Norwood I | 5 (16) | 0 | 5 (21) | 0 | 5 (33) | ||
| Other | 3 (9) | 1 (13) | 2 (8) | 1 (6) | 2 (13) | ||
| Aortic arch surgery | 1 (3) | 1 (13) | 0 | 1 (6) | 0 | ||
| Closure of atrial and ventricular septum defect | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 (4) | 0 | 1 (7) | ||
| Central aortopulmonary shunt procedure | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 (4) | 0 | 1 (7) | ||
| Duration of surgery [min], mean (SD) | 289.4 (69.8) | 279.0 (69.0) | 292.8 (71.2) | 0.635 | 281.2 (60.5) | 298.6 (80.2) | 0.492 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass, n (%)d | 31 (97.9) | 8 (100) | 23 (96) | 1 | 17 (100) | 14 (93) | 0.469 |
| Extracorporeal circulation time [min]d, mean (SD) | 189.3 (46.6) | 180.1 (45.3) | 192.4 (47.7) | 0.529 | 183.5 (49.8) | 196.2 (43.3) | 0.460 |
| Aortic cross-clamping time [min]d, mean (SD) | 122.9 (28.7) | 118.1 (28.9) | 124.5 (29.1) | 0.596 | 124.8 (31.6) | 120.6 (25.8) | 0.693 |
| Selective antegrade cerebral perfusion time [min]e, mean (SD) | 26.1 (11.9) | 25.0 (13.0) | 26.8 (12.7) | 0.853 | 25.0 (13.0) | 26.8 (12.7) | 0.853 |
| Deepest temperature, intraoperative, mean (SD) | 27.6 (4.5) | 25.5 (5.6) | 28.3 (4.0) | 0.131 | 27.7 (4.7) | 27.5 (4.5) | 0.945 |
| Baseline rSO2f, mean (SD) | 50.9 (10.3) | 59.4 (6.2) | 48.1 (10.0) | 0.006 | 51.9 (10.2) | 49.8 (10.8) | 0.573 |
P-values are determined by Fisher’s exact tests (categorical and ordinal data) and unpaired t-tests (continuous data). Significant p-vales are in bold.
Statistical testing for differences between d-TGA and other diagnoses.
Z-Score according to Voigt [30].
Statistical testing for differences between the arterial switch operation, Norwood I and other treatments.
n = 31 patients.
n = 8 patients.
Mean values were calculated using right-sided baseline rSO2 in patients with unilateral NIRS and mean of right- and left-sided baseline rSO2 in patients with bilateral NIRS.
CD: cerebral desaturation; IQR: interquartile range; NIRS: near-infrared spectroscopy; rSO2: regional cerebral oxygen saturation; SD: standard deviation; 45%rSO2: 45% of absolute rSO2; 20%BLrSO2: 20% below baseline rSO2.
| NIRS threshold . | . | 45%rSO2 . | 20%BLrSO2 . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Total (100%) . | No-CD . | CD . | P-value . | No-CD . | CD . | P-value . |
| n= . | 32 . | 8 . | 24 . | . | 17 . | 15 . | . |
| Patient-related characteristics | |||||||
| Gender male, n (%) | 23 (72) | 6 (75) | 17 (71) | 1 | 11 (65) | 12 (80) | 0.444 |
| Cardiac diagnosis, n (%) | 0.642a | 0.013a | |||||
| D-Transposition of the great arteries | 24 (75) | 7 (88) | 17 (71) | 16 (94) | 8 (53) | ||
| Other | 8 (25) | 1 (13) | 7 (29) | 1 (6) | 7 (47) | ||
| Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | 3 (9) | 0 | 3 (13) | 0 | 3 (20) | ||
| Tricuspid atresia | 2 (6) | 0 | 2 (8) | 0 | 2 (13) | ||
| L-Transposition of the great arteries | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 (4) | 0 | 1 (7) | ||
| Ventricular septal defect, large | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 (4) | 0 | 1 (7) | ||
| Interrupted aortic arch type B | 1 (3) | 1 (13) | 0 | 1 (6) | 0 | ||
| Gestational age at birth [weeks], mean (SD) | 39.5 (1.2) | 39.4 (1.5) | 39.6 (1.2) | 0.741 | 39.6 (1.2) | 39.4 (1.3) | 0.691 |
| Body weight at birth [grams], mean (SD) | 3404.2 (425.2) | 3241.3 (402.5) | 3458.5 (426.7) | 0.216 | 3425.6 (430.8) | 3380.0 (432.5) | 0.768 |
| Z-scoreb, mean (SD) | –0.22 (0.86) | –0.54 (0.50) | –0.11 (0.93) | 0.227 | –0.17 (0.83) | –0.27 (0.91) | 0.762 |
| Head circumference at birth [cm], mean (SD) | 34.4 (1.0) | 34.3 (1.0) | 34.4 (1.0) | 0.784 | 34.6 (0.8) | 34.2 (1.1) | 0.268 |
| Z-scoreb, mean (SD) | –0.65 (0.69) | –0.62 (0.54) | –0.66 (0.75) | 0.878 | –0.45 (0.57) | –0.89 (0.77) | 0.096 |
| Socioeconomic status, median (IQR) | 9.0 (7.0-11.0) | 10.5 (9.75-12.0) | 9.0 (6.5-10.0) | 0.071 | 10.0 (6.0-11.25) | 9.0 (7.5-10.5) | 0.889 |
| Procedure-related characteristics | |||||||
| Postmenstrual age at surgery [weeks], mean (SD) | 41.6 (1.4) | 41.0 (0.9) | 41.8 (1.4) | 0.161 | 41.5 (1.3) | 41.7 (1.5) | 0.732 |
| Age at surgery [days], mean (SD) | 14.4 (5.8) | 11.4 (6.0) | 15.4 (5.5) | 0.088 | 13.3 (5.6) | 15.7 (6.0) | 0.254 |
| Type of cardiac surgery, n (%) | 0.394c | 0.010c | |||||
| Arterial switch | 24 (75) | 7 (88) | 17 (71) | 16 (94) | 8 (53) | ||
| Norwood I | 5 (16) | 0 | 5 (21) | 0 | 5 (33) | ||
| Other | 3 (9) | 1 (13) | 2 (8) | 1 (6) | 2 (13) | ||
| Aortic arch surgery | 1 (3) | 1 (13) | 0 | 1 (6) | 0 | ||
| Closure of atrial and ventricular septum defect | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 (4) | 0 | 1 (7) | ||
| Central aortopulmonary shunt procedure | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 (4) | 0 | 1 (7) | ||
| Duration of surgery [min], mean (SD) | 289.4 (69.8) | 279.0 (69.0) | 292.8 (71.2) | 0.635 | 281.2 (60.5) | 298.6 (80.2) | 0.492 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass, n (%)d | 31 (97.9) | 8 (100) | 23 (96) | 1 | 17 (100) | 14 (93) | 0.469 |
| Extracorporeal circulation time [min]d, mean (SD) | 189.3 (46.6) | 180.1 (45.3) | 192.4 (47.7) | 0.529 | 183.5 (49.8) | 196.2 (43.3) | 0.460 |
| Aortic cross-clamping time [min]d, mean (SD) | 122.9 (28.7) | 118.1 (28.9) | 124.5 (29.1) | 0.596 | 124.8 (31.6) | 120.6 (25.8) | 0.693 |
| Selective antegrade cerebral perfusion time [min]e, mean (SD) | 26.1 (11.9) | 25.0 (13.0) | 26.8 (12.7) | 0.853 | 25.0 (13.0) | 26.8 (12.7) | 0.853 |
| Deepest temperature, intraoperative, mean (SD) | 27.6 (4.5) | 25.5 (5.6) | 28.3 (4.0) | 0.131 | 27.7 (4.7) | 27.5 (4.5) | 0.945 |
| Baseline rSO2f, mean (SD) | 50.9 (10.3) | 59.4 (6.2) | 48.1 (10.0) | 0.006 | 51.9 (10.2) | 49.8 (10.8) | 0.573 |
| NIRS threshold . | . | 45%rSO2 . | 20%BLrSO2 . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Total (100%) . | No-CD . | CD . | P-value . | No-CD . | CD . | P-value . |
| n= . | 32 . | 8 . | 24 . | . | 17 . | 15 . | . |
| Patient-related characteristics | |||||||
| Gender male, n (%) | 23 (72) | 6 (75) | 17 (71) | 1 | 11 (65) | 12 (80) | 0.444 |
| Cardiac diagnosis, n (%) | 0.642a | 0.013a | |||||
| D-Transposition of the great arteries | 24 (75) | 7 (88) | 17 (71) | 16 (94) | 8 (53) | ||
| Other | 8 (25) | 1 (13) | 7 (29) | 1 (6) | 7 (47) | ||
| Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | 3 (9) | 0 | 3 (13) | 0 | 3 (20) | ||
| Tricuspid atresia | 2 (6) | 0 | 2 (8) | 0 | 2 (13) | ||
| L-Transposition of the great arteries | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 (4) | 0 | 1 (7) | ||
| Ventricular septal defect, large | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 (4) | 0 | 1 (7) | ||
| Interrupted aortic arch type B | 1 (3) | 1 (13) | 0 | 1 (6) | 0 | ||
| Gestational age at birth [weeks], mean (SD) | 39.5 (1.2) | 39.4 (1.5) | 39.6 (1.2) | 0.741 | 39.6 (1.2) | 39.4 (1.3) | 0.691 |
| Body weight at birth [grams], mean (SD) | 3404.2 (425.2) | 3241.3 (402.5) | 3458.5 (426.7) | 0.216 | 3425.6 (430.8) | 3380.0 (432.5) | 0.768 |
| Z-scoreb, mean (SD) | –0.22 (0.86) | –0.54 (0.50) | –0.11 (0.93) | 0.227 | –0.17 (0.83) | –0.27 (0.91) | 0.762 |
| Head circumference at birth [cm], mean (SD) | 34.4 (1.0) | 34.3 (1.0) | 34.4 (1.0) | 0.784 | 34.6 (0.8) | 34.2 (1.1) | 0.268 |
| Z-scoreb, mean (SD) | –0.65 (0.69) | –0.62 (0.54) | –0.66 (0.75) | 0.878 | –0.45 (0.57) | –0.89 (0.77) | 0.096 |
| Socioeconomic status, median (IQR) | 9.0 (7.0-11.0) | 10.5 (9.75-12.0) | 9.0 (6.5-10.0) | 0.071 | 10.0 (6.0-11.25) | 9.0 (7.5-10.5) | 0.889 |
| Procedure-related characteristics | |||||||
| Postmenstrual age at surgery [weeks], mean (SD) | 41.6 (1.4) | 41.0 (0.9) | 41.8 (1.4) | 0.161 | 41.5 (1.3) | 41.7 (1.5) | 0.732 |
| Age at surgery [days], mean (SD) | 14.4 (5.8) | 11.4 (6.0) | 15.4 (5.5) | 0.088 | 13.3 (5.6) | 15.7 (6.0) | 0.254 |
| Type of cardiac surgery, n (%) | 0.394c | 0.010c | |||||
| Arterial switch | 24 (75) | 7 (88) | 17 (71) | 16 (94) | 8 (53) | ||
| Norwood I | 5 (16) | 0 | 5 (21) | 0 | 5 (33) | ||
| Other | 3 (9) | 1 (13) | 2 (8) | 1 (6) | 2 (13) | ||
| Aortic arch surgery | 1 (3) | 1 (13) | 0 | 1 (6) | 0 | ||
| Closure of atrial and ventricular septum defect | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 (4) | 0 | 1 (7) | ||
| Central aortopulmonary shunt procedure | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 (4) | 0 | 1 (7) | ||
| Duration of surgery [min], mean (SD) | 289.4 (69.8) | 279.0 (69.0) | 292.8 (71.2) | 0.635 | 281.2 (60.5) | 298.6 (80.2) | 0.492 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass, n (%)d | 31 (97.9) | 8 (100) | 23 (96) | 1 | 17 (100) | 14 (93) | 0.469 |
| Extracorporeal circulation time [min]d, mean (SD) | 189.3 (46.6) | 180.1 (45.3) | 192.4 (47.7) | 0.529 | 183.5 (49.8) | 196.2 (43.3) | 0.460 |
| Aortic cross-clamping time [min]d, mean (SD) | 122.9 (28.7) | 118.1 (28.9) | 124.5 (29.1) | 0.596 | 124.8 (31.6) | 120.6 (25.8) | 0.693 |
| Selective antegrade cerebral perfusion time [min]e, mean (SD) | 26.1 (11.9) | 25.0 (13.0) | 26.8 (12.7) | 0.853 | 25.0 (13.0) | 26.8 (12.7) | 0.853 |
| Deepest temperature, intraoperative, mean (SD) | 27.6 (4.5) | 25.5 (5.6) | 28.3 (4.0) | 0.131 | 27.7 (4.7) | 27.5 (4.5) | 0.945 |
| Baseline rSO2f, mean (SD) | 50.9 (10.3) | 59.4 (6.2) | 48.1 (10.0) | 0.006 | 51.9 (10.2) | 49.8 (10.8) | 0.573 |
P-values are determined by Fisher’s exact tests (categorical and ordinal data) and unpaired t-tests (continuous data). Significant p-vales are in bold.
Statistical testing for differences between d-TGA and other diagnoses.
Z-Score according to Voigt [30].
Statistical testing for differences between the arterial switch operation, Norwood I and other treatments.
n = 31 patients.
n = 8 patients.
Mean values were calculated using right-sided baseline rSO2 in patients with unilateral NIRS and mean of right- and left-sided baseline rSO2 in patients with bilateral NIRS.
CD: cerebral desaturation; IQR: interquartile range; NIRS: near-infrared spectroscopy; rSO2: regional cerebral oxygen saturation; SD: standard deviation; 45%rSO2: 45% of absolute rSO2; 20%BLrSO2: 20% below baseline rSO2.
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