Table 1. Open in new tab Total time (A)...

Moderator	Subgroup	k	SMD (95% CI)	P	Q	Q’s P
A. Total social interaction time
Model	MK-801	25	1.47 (1.2 to 1.75)	<.001	47.74	<.001
Other: n = 5	Ketamine	5	2.57 (1.94 to 3.20)	<.001	20.20	<.001
	MAM	10	1.14 (0.8 to 2.00)	.009	54.82	<.001
	PCP	44	1.36 (1.09 to 1.62)	<.001	167.41	<.001
	Poly I:C	3	2.22 (1.27 to 3.18)	<.001	3.57	.17
	SHR	21	0.54 (0.27 to 0.81)	<.001	32.4	.04
	Lesion	8	0.36 (−0.16 to 0.89)	.18	15	.04
	KO	2	0.75 (−0.11 to 1.62)	.09	1.42	.23
	Gunn	3	1.36 (0.64 to 2.09)	<.001	0.38	.83
	NOSi	3	1.74 (0.49 to 2.99)	.006	4.13	.13
Treatment (model)
(MK-801)	Antidepressant	5	0.78 (0.05 to 1.51)	.04	7.08	.13
Other: n = 2	Antipsychotic	9	1.81 (1.28 to 2.34)	<.001	14.93	.06
	Cannabinoids	5	1.18 (0.72 to 1.63)	<.001	0.61	.96
	Mixed treatment	4	1.49 (1.02 to 1.96)	<.001	6.55	.09
(MAM)	Typical antipsychotic	2	−0.75 (−3.16 to 1.67)	.54	9.14	.003
	Atypical antipsychotic	3	2.34 (1.58 to 3.10)	<.001	2.18	.34
	Cannabinoids	3	1.69 (0.58 to 2.80)	.003	5.38	.07
	Interneuron transplant	2	0.37 (−0.80 to 1.54)	.060	3.67	.06
(PCP)	Typical antipsychotic	4	0.94 (0.12 to 1.76)	.02	10.2	.02
Other: n = 5	Atypical antipsychotic^a	8	2.06 (1.65 to 2.47)	<.001	4.35	.74
	Other antipsychotic	3	1.90 (0.87 to 2.93)	<.001	5.45	.07
	Cholinergic	8	1.01 (0.51 to 1.51)	<.001	22.43	.002
	Dopaminergic	5	1.74 (0.78 to 2.71)	<.001	18.97	.001
	Phosphodiesterase	5	1.20 (0.68 to 1.71)	<.001	9.84	.04
(SHR)	Antipsychotic	3	0.98 (0.22 to 1.74)	.01	2.72	.26
	Cannabinoids	11	0.28 (−0.13 to 0.69)	.18	20.26	.03
	Stimulants	3	0.87 (0.34 to 1.40)	.001	0.65	.72
	Vasodilators	2	1.01 (0.34 to 1.68)	.003	0.001	.98
	Vanilloids	2	0.47 (−0.18 to 1.12)	.160	0.02	.89
(Lesion)	Antipsychotic	6	0.24 (−0.19 to 0.67)	.28	5.43	.37
Other: n = 2
B. Number of social interactions
Model	MK-801	13	1.26 (0.75 to 1.77)	<.001	42.88	<.001
Other: n = 1	WIN55,212-2	2	0.33 (−0.33 to 0.93)	.35	0.91	.34
Treatment (model)
(MK-801)	Antidepressant	4	0.41 (−0.71 to 0.98)	.16	0.7	.87
Other: n = 1	Atypical Antipsychotic	5	1.7 (0.48 to 2.91)	.006	26.01	<.001
	Mixed Treatment	3	1.39 (1.04 to 1.74)	<.001	0.12	.94

Moderator

Subgroup

SMD (95% CI)

Q’s P

A. Total social interaction time

Model

MK-801

1.47 (1.2 to 1.75)

<.001

47.74

<.001

Other: n = 5

Ketamine

2.57 (1.94 to 3.20)

<.001

20.20

<.001

MAM

1.14 (0.8 to 2.00)

.009

54.82

<.001

PCP

1.36 (1.09 to 1.62)

<.001

167.41

<.001

Poly I:C

2.22 (1.27 to 3.18)

<.001

3.57

.17

SHR

0.54 (0.27 to 0.81)

<.001

32.4

.04

Lesion

0.36 (−0.16 to 0.89)

.18

.04

0.75 (−0.11 to 1.62)

.09

1.42

.23

Gunn

1.36 (0.64 to 2.09)

<.001

0.38

.83

NOSi

1.74 (0.49 to 2.99)

.006

4.13

.13

Treatment (model)

(MK-801)

Antidepressant

0.78 (0.05 to 1.51)

.04

7.08

.13

Other: n = 2

Antipsychotic

1.81 (1.28 to 2.34)

<.001

14.93

.06

Cannabinoids

1.18 (0.72 to 1.63)

<.001

0.61

.96

Mixed treatment

1.49 (1.02 to 1.96)

<.001

6.55

.09

(MAM)

Typical antipsychotic

−0.75 (−3.16 to 1.67)

.54

9.14

.003

Atypical antipsychotic

2.34 (1.58 to 3.10)

<.001

2.18

.34

Cannabinoids

1.69 (0.58 to 2.80)

.003

5.38

.07

Interneuron transplant

0.37 (−0.80 to 1.54)

.060

3.67

.06

(PCP)

Typical antipsychotic

0.94 (0.12 to 1.76)

.02

10.2

.02

Other: n = 5

Atypical antipsychotic^a

2.06 (1.65 to 2.47)

<.001

4.35

.74

Other antipsychotic

1.90 (0.87 to 2.93)

<.001

5.45

.07

Cholinergic

1.01 (0.51 to 1.51)

<.001

22.43

.002

Dopaminergic

1.74 (0.78 to 2.71)

<.001

18.97

.001

Phosphodiesterase

1.20 (0.68 to 1.71)

<.001

9.84

.04

(SHR)

Antipsychotic

0.98 (0.22 to 1.74)

.01

2.72

.26

Cannabinoids

0.28 (−0.13 to 0.69)

.18

20.26

.03

Stimulants

0.87 (0.34 to 1.40)

.001

0.65

.72

Vasodilators

1.01 (0.34 to 1.68)

.003

0.001

.98

Vanilloids

0.47 (−0.18 to 1.12)

.160

0.02

.89

(Lesion)

Antipsychotic

0.24 (−0.19 to 0.67)

.28

5.43

.37

Other: n = 2

B. Number of social interactions

Model

MK-801

1.26 (0.75 to 1.77)

<.001

42.88

<.001

Other: n = 1

WIN55,212-2

0.33 (−0.33 to 0.93)

.35

0.91

.34

Treatment (model)

(MK-801)

Antidepressant

0.41 (−0.71 to 0.98)

.16

0.7

.87

Other: n = 1

Atypical Antipsychotic

1.7 (0.48 to 2.91)

.006

26.01

<.001

Mixed Treatment

1.39 (1.04 to 1.74)

<.001

0.12

.94

Moderator	Subgroup	k	SMD (95% CI)	P	Q	Q’s P
A. Total social interaction time
Model	MK-801	25	1.47 (1.2 to 1.75)	<.001	47.74	<.001
Other: n = 5	Ketamine	5	2.57 (1.94 to 3.20)	<.001	20.20	<.001
	MAM	10	1.14 (0.8 to 2.00)	.009	54.82	<.001
	PCP	44	1.36 (1.09 to 1.62)	<.001	167.41	<.001
	Poly I:C	3	2.22 (1.27 to 3.18)	<.001	3.57	.17
	SHR	21	0.54 (0.27 to 0.81)	<.001	32.4	.04
	Lesion	8	0.36 (−0.16 to 0.89)	.18	15	.04
	KO	2	0.75 (−0.11 to 1.62)	.09	1.42	.23
	Gunn	3	1.36 (0.64 to 2.09)	<.001	0.38	.83
	NOSi	3	1.74 (0.49 to 2.99)	.006	4.13	.13
Treatment (model)
(MK-801)	Antidepressant	5	0.78 (0.05 to 1.51)	.04	7.08	.13
Other: n = 2	Antipsychotic	9	1.81 (1.28 to 2.34)	<.001	14.93	.06
	Cannabinoids	5	1.18 (0.72 to 1.63)	<.001	0.61	.96
	Mixed treatment	4	1.49 (1.02 to 1.96)	<.001	6.55	.09
(MAM)	Typical antipsychotic	2	−0.75 (−3.16 to 1.67)	.54	9.14	.003
	Atypical antipsychotic	3	2.34 (1.58 to 3.10)	<.001	2.18	.34
	Cannabinoids	3	1.69 (0.58 to 2.80)	.003	5.38	.07
	Interneuron transplant	2	0.37 (−0.80 to 1.54)	.060	3.67	.06
(PCP)	Typical antipsychotic	4	0.94 (0.12 to 1.76)	.02	10.2	.02
Other: n = 5	Atypical antipsychotic^a	8	2.06 (1.65 to 2.47)	<.001	4.35	.74
	Other antipsychotic	3	1.90 (0.87 to 2.93)	<.001	5.45	.07
	Cholinergic	8	1.01 (0.51 to 1.51)	<.001	22.43	.002
	Dopaminergic	5	1.74 (0.78 to 2.71)	<.001	18.97	.001
	Phosphodiesterase	5	1.20 (0.68 to 1.71)	<.001	9.84	.04
(SHR)	Antipsychotic	3	0.98 (0.22 to 1.74)	.01	2.72	.26
	Cannabinoids	11	0.28 (−0.13 to 0.69)	.18	20.26	.03
	Stimulants	3	0.87 (0.34 to 1.40)	.001	0.65	.72
	Vasodilators	2	1.01 (0.34 to 1.68)	.003	0.001	.98
	Vanilloids	2	0.47 (−0.18 to 1.12)	.160	0.02	.89
(Lesion)	Antipsychotic	6	0.24 (−0.19 to 0.67)	.28	5.43	.37
Other: n = 2
B. Number of social interactions
Model	MK-801	13	1.26 (0.75 to 1.77)	<.001	42.88	<.001
Other: n = 1	WIN55,212-2	2	0.33 (−0.33 to 0.93)	.35	0.91	.34
Treatment (model)
(MK-801)	Antidepressant	4	0.41 (−0.71 to 0.98)	.16	0.7	.87
Other: n = 1	Atypical Antipsychotic	5	1.7 (0.48 to 2.91)	.006	26.01	<.001
	Mixed Treatment	3	1.39 (1.04 to 1.74)	<.001	0.12	.94

Table 1.

Open in new tab

Total time (A) and number of interactions (B) measures—heterogeneity test and test for overall effect for the moderators’ subgroups model and treatment group

Moderator	Subgroup	k	SMD (95% CI)	P	Q	Q’s P
A. Total social interaction time
Model	MK-801	25	1.47 (1.2 to 1.75)	<.001	47.74	<.001
Other: n = 5	Ketamine	5	2.57 (1.94 to 3.20)	<.001	20.20	<.001
	MAM	10	1.14 (0.8 to 2.00)	.009	54.82	<.001
	PCP	44	1.36 (1.09 to 1.62)	<.001	167.41	<.001
	Poly I:C	3	2.22 (1.27 to 3.18)	<.001	3.57	.17
	SHR	21	0.54 (0.27 to 0.81)	<.001	32.4	.04
	Lesion	8	0.36 (−0.16 to 0.89)	.18	15	.04
	KO	2	0.75 (−0.11 to 1.62)	.09	1.42	.23
	Gunn	3	1.36 (0.64 to 2.09)	<.001	0.38	.83
	NOSi	3	1.74 (0.49 to 2.99)	.006	4.13	.13
Treatment (model)
(MK-801)	Antidepressant	5	0.78 (0.05 to 1.51)	.04	7.08	.13
Other: n = 2	Antipsychotic	9	1.81 (1.28 to 2.34)	<.001	14.93	.06
	Cannabinoids	5	1.18 (0.72 to 1.63)	<.001	0.61	.96
	Mixed treatment	4	1.49 (1.02 to 1.96)	<.001	6.55	.09
(MAM)	Typical antipsychotic	2	−0.75 (−3.16 to 1.67)	.54	9.14	.003
	Atypical antipsychotic	3	2.34 (1.58 to 3.10)	<.001	2.18	.34
	Cannabinoids	3	1.69 (0.58 to 2.80)	.003	5.38	.07
	Interneuron transplant	2	0.37 (−0.80 to 1.54)	.060	3.67	.06
(PCP)	Typical antipsychotic	4	0.94 (0.12 to 1.76)	.02	10.2	.02
Other: n = 5	Atypical antipsychotic^a	8	2.06 (1.65 to 2.47)	<.001	4.35	.74
	Other antipsychotic	3	1.90 (0.87 to 2.93)	<.001	5.45	.07
	Cholinergic	8	1.01 (0.51 to 1.51)	<.001	22.43	.002
	Dopaminergic	5	1.74 (0.78 to 2.71)	<.001	18.97	.001
	Phosphodiesterase	5	1.20 (0.68 to 1.71)	<.001	9.84	.04
(SHR)	Antipsychotic	3	0.98 (0.22 to 1.74)	.01	2.72	.26
	Cannabinoids	11	0.28 (−0.13 to 0.69)	.18	20.26	.03
	Stimulants	3	0.87 (0.34 to 1.40)	.001	0.65	.72
	Vasodilators	2	1.01 (0.34 to 1.68)	.003	0.001	.98
	Vanilloids	2	0.47 (−0.18 to 1.12)	.160	0.02	.89
(Lesion)	Antipsychotic	6	0.24 (−0.19 to 0.67)	.28	5.43	.37
Other: n = 2
B. Number of social interactions
Model	MK-801	13	1.26 (0.75 to 1.77)	<.001	42.88	<.001
Other: n = 1	WIN55,212-2	2	0.33 (−0.33 to 0.93)	.35	0.91	.34
Treatment (model)
(MK-801)	Antidepressant	4	0.41 (−0.71 to 0.98)	.16	0.7	.87
Other: n = 1	Atypical Antipsychotic	5	1.7 (0.48 to 2.91)	.006	26.01	<.001
	Mixed Treatment	3	1.39 (1.04 to 1.74)	<.001	0.12	.94

Moderator	Subgroup	k	SMD (95% CI)	P	Q	Q’s P
A. Total social interaction time
Model	MK-801	25	1.47 (1.2 to 1.75)	<.001	47.74	<.001
Other: n = 5	Ketamine	5	2.57 (1.94 to 3.20)	<.001	20.20	<.001
	MAM	10	1.14 (0.8 to 2.00)	.009	54.82	<.001
	PCP	44	1.36 (1.09 to 1.62)	<.001	167.41	<.001
	Poly I:C	3	2.22 (1.27 to 3.18)	<.001	3.57	.17
	SHR	21	0.54 (0.27 to 0.81)	<.001	32.4	.04
	Lesion	8	0.36 (−0.16 to 0.89)	.18	15	.04
	KO	2	0.75 (−0.11 to 1.62)	.09	1.42	.23
	Gunn	3	1.36 (0.64 to 2.09)	<.001	0.38	.83
	NOSi	3	1.74 (0.49 to 2.99)	.006	4.13	.13
Treatment (model)
(MK-801)	Antidepressant	5	0.78 (0.05 to 1.51)	.04	7.08	.13
Other: n = 2	Antipsychotic	9	1.81 (1.28 to 2.34)	<.001	14.93	.06
	Cannabinoids	5	1.18 (0.72 to 1.63)	<.001	0.61	.96
	Mixed treatment	4	1.49 (1.02 to 1.96)	<.001	6.55	.09
(MAM)	Typical antipsychotic	2	−0.75 (−3.16 to 1.67)	.54	9.14	.003
	Atypical antipsychotic	3	2.34 (1.58 to 3.10)	<.001	2.18	.34
	Cannabinoids	3	1.69 (0.58 to 2.80)	.003	5.38	.07
	Interneuron transplant	2	0.37 (−0.80 to 1.54)	.060	3.67	.06
(PCP)	Typical antipsychotic	4	0.94 (0.12 to 1.76)	.02	10.2	.02
Other: n = 5	Atypical antipsychotic^a	8	2.06 (1.65 to 2.47)	<.001	4.35	.74
	Other antipsychotic	3	1.90 (0.87 to 2.93)	<.001	5.45	.07
	Cholinergic	8	1.01 (0.51 to 1.51)	<.001	22.43	.002
	Dopaminergic	5	1.74 (0.78 to 2.71)	<.001	18.97	.001
	Phosphodiesterase	5	1.20 (0.68 to 1.71)	<.001	9.84	.04
(SHR)	Antipsychotic	3	0.98 (0.22 to 1.74)	.01	2.72	.26
	Cannabinoids	11	0.28 (−0.13 to 0.69)	.18	20.26	.03
	Stimulants	3	0.87 (0.34 to 1.40)	.001	0.65	.72
	Vasodilators	2	1.01 (0.34 to 1.68)	.003	0.001	.98
	Vanilloids	2	0.47 (−0.18 to 1.12)	.160	0.02	.89
(Lesion)	Antipsychotic	6	0.24 (−0.19 to 0.67)	.28	5.43	.37
Other: n = 2
B. Number of social interactions
Model	MK-801	13	1.26 (0.75 to 1.77)	<.001	42.88	<.001
Other: n = 1	WIN55,212-2	2	0.33 (−0.33 to 0.93)	.35	0.91	.34
Treatment (model)
(MK-801)	Antidepressant	4	0.41 (−0.71 to 0.98)	.16	0.7	.87
Other: n = 1	Atypical Antipsychotic	5	1.7 (0.48 to 2.91)	.006	26.01	<.001
	Mixed Treatment	3	1.39 (1.04 to 1.74)	<.001	0.12	.94

Notes: k, number of outcomes; K, knockout; Lesion, bilateral ventral hippocampal lesion; MAM, methylazoxymethanol acetate; NOSi, nitric oxide synthase inhibitors; PCP, phencyclidine; PDEi, phosphodiesterase inhibitors; Poly I:C, polyriboinosinic–polyribocytidilic acid; SHR, spontaneously hypertensive rats; SMD, standardized mean differences.

Atypical Antipsychotic subgroup without the treatment risperidone which was excluded.

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