| . | Dependent variable: Share of refugees in the region population . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . |
| Distance instrument | 0.015*** | 0.015*** | 0.015*** | 0.015*** | 0.015*** |
| (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
| Observations | 14,771 | 14,771 | 14,771 | 14,771 | 14,771 |
| F-statistic | 220.3 | 223.8 | 315.2 | 706.2 | 746.3 |
| Region and year fixed effects | x | x | x | x | x |
| Log trade volume | — | x | x | x | x |
| Baseline trade × year fixed effects | — | — | x | x | x |
| 12 region-specific linear trends | — | — | — | x | — |
| 12 region–year fixed effects | — | — | — | — | x |
| . | Dependent variable: Share of refugees in the region population . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . |
| Distance instrument | 0.015*** | 0.015*** | 0.015*** | 0.015*** | 0.015*** |
| (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
| Observations | 14,771 | 14,771 | 14,771 | 14,771 | 14,771 |
| F-statistic | 220.3 | 223.8 | 315.2 | 706.2 | 746.3 |
| Region and year fixed effects | x | x | x | x | x |
| Log trade volume | — | x | x | x | x |
| Baseline trade × year fixed effects | — | — | x | x | x |
| 12 region-specific linear trends | — | — | — | x | — |
| 12 region–year fixed effects | — | — | — | — | x |
Source: Data for the instrument and refugee shares come from the Turkish Ministry of Interior, Turkish Statistical Institute, Syrian Arab Republic Central Bureau of Statistics, Google Maps, and the UNHCR. Turkish Health Surveys data can be accessed through the Turkish Institute of Statistics website (https://www.tuik.gov.tr/Home/Index) with permission.
Note: Data for the instrument and refugee shares are matched to the 2008–2016 THS at the 26-region level. The regressions report OLS estimates from regressing the distance instrument on the share of Syrian refugee inflows in the region population. All specifications control for 26 region and year fixed effects. Column (2) adds the 26 region-level trade volume with Syria, and Column (3) controls for baseline trade volume in 2008 with Syria interacted with year fixed effects. Columns (4) and (5) add 12 region-specific linear time trends and 12 region–year fixed effects, respectively. Standard errors are clustered at the 26-region level. ***, **, and * denote significance at the 1, 5, and 10 percent levels, respectively.
| . | Dependent variable: Share of refugees in the region population . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . |
| Distance instrument | 0.015*** | 0.015*** | 0.015*** | 0.015*** | 0.015*** |
| (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
| Observations | 14,771 | 14,771 | 14,771 | 14,771 | 14,771 |
| F-statistic | 220.3 | 223.8 | 315.2 | 706.2 | 746.3 |
| Region and year fixed effects | x | x | x | x | x |
| Log trade volume | — | x | x | x | x |
| Baseline trade × year fixed effects | — | — | x | x | x |
| 12 region-specific linear trends | — | — | — | x | — |
| 12 region–year fixed effects | — | — | — | — | x |
| . | Dependent variable: Share of refugees in the region population . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . |
| Distance instrument | 0.015*** | 0.015*** | 0.015*** | 0.015*** | 0.015*** |
| (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
| Observations | 14,771 | 14,771 | 14,771 | 14,771 | 14,771 |
| F-statistic | 220.3 | 223.8 | 315.2 | 706.2 | 746.3 |
| Region and year fixed effects | x | x | x | x | x |
| Log trade volume | — | x | x | x | x |
| Baseline trade × year fixed effects | — | — | x | x | x |
| 12 region-specific linear trends | — | — | — | x | — |
| 12 region–year fixed effects | — | — | — | — | x |
Source: Data for the instrument and refugee shares come from the Turkish Ministry of Interior, Turkish Statistical Institute, Syrian Arab Republic Central Bureau of Statistics, Google Maps, and the UNHCR. Turkish Health Surveys data can be accessed through the Turkish Institute of Statistics website (https://www.tuik.gov.tr/Home/Index) with permission.
Note: Data for the instrument and refugee shares are matched to the 2008–2016 THS at the 26-region level. The regressions report OLS estimates from regressing the distance instrument on the share of Syrian refugee inflows in the region population. All specifications control for 26 region and year fixed effects. Column (2) adds the 26 region-level trade volume with Syria, and Column (3) controls for baseline trade volume in 2008 with Syria interacted with year fixed effects. Columns (4) and (5) add 12 region-specific linear time trends and 12 region–year fixed effects, respectively. Standard errors are clustered at the 26-region level. ***, **, and * denote significance at the 1, 5, and 10 percent levels, respectively.
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