Table 3. Open in new tab Effects of...

	OLS	IV
Infectious diseases
Refugee share	1.055***	1.052***	1.188***	1.436***	1.431***	1.209***	1.209***	1.301***	1.527***	1.534***
	(0.266)	(0.252)	(0.267)	(0.226)	(0.146)	(0.200)	(0.188)	(0.227)	(0.225)	(0.150)
Observations	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740
Outcome mean	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10
Upper respiratory diseases
Refugee share	0.443*	0.435*	0.593**	0.882***	0.759***	0.539**	0.536*	0.641**	1.112***	0.884***
	(0.219)	(0.233)	(0.273)	(0.251)	(0.267)	(0.274)	(0.293)	(0.322)	(0.289)	(0.249)
Observations	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747
Outcome mean	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37
Lower respiratory diseases
Refugee share	0.386*	0.383*	0.482**	0.289	0.285**	0.570***	0.570***	0.643***	0.485**	0.408**
	(0.204)	(0.197)	(0.215)	(0.175)	(0.119)	(0.172)	(0.172)	(0.177)	(0.204)	(0.176)
Observations	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747
Outcome mean	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09
Cancer
Refugee share	0.001	0.001	−0.002	−0.005	−0.006	−0.004	−0.004	−0.007	−0.010	−0.011
	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.008)	(0.014)	(0.012)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.009)	(0.014)	(0.013)
Observations	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771
Outcome mean	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Diabetes
Refugee share	0.007	0.006	0.008	−0.005	0.001	0.010	0.010	0.012	−0.001	0.002
	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.017)	(0.021)	(0.019)	(0.015)	(0.016)	(0.018)	(0.021)	(0.018)
Observations	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762
Outcome mean	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Diarrhea
Refugee share	−0.003	−0.005	−0.129	0.246	0.298	0.053	0.052	−0.012	0.328	0.423*
	(0.253)	(0.244)	(0.259)	(0.212)	(0.181)	(0.240)	(0.230)	(0.238)	(0.275)	(0.238)
Observations	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746
Outcome mean	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29
Anemia
Refugee share	−0.196	−0.199	−0.103	−0.010	−0.109	−0.138	−0.139	−0.078	0.068	−0.040
	(0.137)	(0.128)	(0.156)	(0.122)	(0.138)	(0.145)	(0.135)	(0.159)	(0.126)	(0.141)
Observations	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667
Outcome mean	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09
Region and year fixed effects	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Individual characteristics	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Log trade volume	—	x	x	x	x	—	x	x	x	x
Baseline trade × year fixed effects	—	—	x	x	x	—	—	x	x	x
12 region-specific linear trends	—	—	—	x	—	—	—	—	x	—
12 region–year fixed effects	—	—	—	—	x	—	—	—	—	x

OLS

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

Infectious diseases

Refugee share

1.055***

1.052***

1.188***

1.436***

1.431***

1.209***

1.301***

1.527***

1.534***

(0.266)

(0.252)

(0.267)

(0.226)

(0.146)

(0.200)

(0.188)

(0.227)

(0.225)

(0.150)

Observations

14,740

Outcome mean

0.10

Upper respiratory diseases

Refugee share

0.443*

0.435*

0.593**

0.882***

0.759***

0.539**

0.536*

0.641**

1.112***

0.884***

(0.219)

(0.233)

(0.273)

(0.251)

(0.267)

(0.274)

(0.293)

(0.322)

(0.289)

(0.249)

Observations

14,747

Outcome mean

0.37

Lower respiratory diseases

Refugee share

0.386*

0.383*

0.482**

0.289

0.285**

0.570***

0.643***

0.485**

0.408**

(0.204)

(0.197)

(0.215)

(0.175)

(0.119)

(0.172)

(0.177)

(0.204)

(0.176)

Observations

14,747

Outcome mean

0.09

Cancer

Refugee share

0.001

−0.002

−0.005

−0.006

−0.004

−0.007

−0.010

−0.011

(0.005)

(0.008)

(0.014)

(0.012)

(0.007)

(0.009)

(0.014)

(0.013)

Observations

14,771

Outcome mean

0.00

Diabetes

Refugee share

0.007

0.006

0.008

−0.005

0.001

0.010

0.012

−0.001

0.002

(0.013)

(0.014)

(0.017)

(0.021)

(0.019)

(0.015)

(0.016)

(0.018)

(0.021)

(0.018)

Observations

14,762

Outcome mean

0.00

Diarrhea

Refugee share

−0.003

−0.005

−0.129

0.246

0.298

0.053

0.052

−0.012

0.328

0.423*

(0.253)

(0.244)

(0.259)

(0.212)

(0.181)

(0.240)

(0.230)

(0.238)

(0.275)

(0.238)

Observations

14,746

Outcome mean

0.29

Anemia

Refugee share

−0.196

−0.199

−0.103

−0.010

−0.109

−0.138

−0.139

−0.078

0.068

−0.040

(0.137)

(0.128)

(0.156)

(0.122)

(0.138)

(0.145)

(0.135)

(0.159)

(0.126)

(0.141)

Observations

14,667

Outcome mean

0.09

Region and year fixed effects

Individual characteristics

Log trade volume

—

Baseline trade × year fixed effects

—

12 region-specific linear trends

—

12 region–year fixed effects

—

	OLS	IV
Infectious diseases
Refugee share	1.055***	1.052***	1.188***	1.436***	1.431***	1.209***	1.209***	1.301***	1.527***	1.534***
	(0.266)	(0.252)	(0.267)	(0.226)	(0.146)	(0.200)	(0.188)	(0.227)	(0.225)	(0.150)
Observations	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740
Outcome mean	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10
Upper respiratory diseases
Refugee share	0.443*	0.435*	0.593**	0.882***	0.759***	0.539**	0.536*	0.641**	1.112***	0.884***
	(0.219)	(0.233)	(0.273)	(0.251)	(0.267)	(0.274)	(0.293)	(0.322)	(0.289)	(0.249)
Observations	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747
Outcome mean	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37
Lower respiratory diseases
Refugee share	0.386*	0.383*	0.482**	0.289	0.285**	0.570***	0.570***	0.643***	0.485**	0.408**
	(0.204)	(0.197)	(0.215)	(0.175)	(0.119)	(0.172)	(0.172)	(0.177)	(0.204)	(0.176)
Observations	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747
Outcome mean	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09
Cancer
Refugee share	0.001	0.001	−0.002	−0.005	−0.006	−0.004	−0.004	−0.007	−0.010	−0.011
	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.008)	(0.014)	(0.012)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.009)	(0.014)	(0.013)
Observations	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771
Outcome mean	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Diabetes
Refugee share	0.007	0.006	0.008	−0.005	0.001	0.010	0.010	0.012	−0.001	0.002
	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.017)	(0.021)	(0.019)	(0.015)	(0.016)	(0.018)	(0.021)	(0.018)
Observations	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762
Outcome mean	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Diarrhea
Refugee share	−0.003	−0.005	−0.129	0.246	0.298	0.053	0.052	−0.012	0.328	0.423*
	(0.253)	(0.244)	(0.259)	(0.212)	(0.181)	(0.240)	(0.230)	(0.238)	(0.275)	(0.238)
Observations	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746
Outcome mean	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29
Anemia
Refugee share	−0.196	−0.199	−0.103	−0.010	−0.109	−0.138	−0.139	−0.078	0.068	−0.040
	(0.137)	(0.128)	(0.156)	(0.122)	(0.138)	(0.145)	(0.135)	(0.159)	(0.126)	(0.141)
Observations	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667
Outcome mean	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09
Region and year fixed effects	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Individual characteristics	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Log trade volume	—	x	x	x	x	—	x	x	x	x
Baseline trade × year fixed effects	—	—	x	x	x	—	—	x	x	x
12 region-specific linear trends	—	—	—	x	—	—	—	—	x	—
12 region–year fixed effects	—	—	—	—	x	—	—	—	—	x

OLS

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

Infectious diseases

Refugee share

1.055***

1.052***

1.188***

1.436***

1.431***

1.209***

1.301***

1.527***

1.534***

(0.266)

(0.252)

(0.267)

(0.226)

(0.146)

(0.200)

(0.188)

(0.227)

(0.225)

(0.150)

Observations

14,740

Outcome mean

0.10

Upper respiratory diseases

Refugee share

0.443*

0.435*

0.593**

0.882***

0.759***

0.539**

0.536*

0.641**

1.112***

0.884***

(0.219)

(0.233)

(0.273)

(0.251)

(0.267)

(0.274)

(0.293)

(0.322)

(0.289)

(0.249)

Observations

14,747

Outcome mean

0.37

Lower respiratory diseases

Refugee share

0.386*

0.383*

0.482**

0.289

0.285**

0.570***

0.643***

0.485**

0.408**

(0.204)

(0.197)

(0.215)

(0.175)

(0.119)

(0.172)

(0.177)

(0.204)

(0.176)

Observations

14,747

Outcome mean

0.09

Cancer

Refugee share

0.001

−0.002

−0.005

−0.006

−0.004

−0.007

−0.010

−0.011

(0.005)

(0.008)

(0.014)

(0.012)

(0.007)

(0.009)

(0.014)

(0.013)

Observations

14,771

Outcome mean

0.00

Diabetes

Refugee share

0.007

0.006

0.008

−0.005

0.001

0.010

0.012

−0.001

0.002

(0.013)

(0.014)

(0.017)

(0.021)

(0.019)

(0.015)

(0.016)

(0.018)

(0.021)

(0.018)

Observations

14,762

Outcome mean

0.00

Diarrhea

Refugee share

−0.003

−0.005

−0.129

0.246

0.298

0.053

0.052

−0.012

0.328

0.423*

(0.253)

(0.244)

(0.259)

(0.212)

(0.181)

(0.240)

(0.230)

(0.238)

(0.275)

(0.238)

Observations

14,746

Outcome mean

0.29

Anemia

Refugee share

−0.196

−0.199

−0.103

−0.010

−0.109

−0.138

−0.139

−0.078

0.068

−0.040

(0.137)

(0.128)

(0.156)

(0.122)

(0.138)

(0.145)

(0.135)

(0.159)

(0.126)

(0.141)

Observations

14,667

Outcome mean

0.09

Region and year fixed effects

Individual characteristics

Log trade volume

—

Baseline trade × year fixed effects

—

12 region-specific linear trends

—

12 region–year fixed effects

—

Table 3.

Open in new tab

Effects of Refugee Inflows on Infectious and Noninfectious Disease Prevalence

	OLS					IV
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
Infectious diseases
Refugee share	1.055***	1.052***	1.188***	1.436***	1.431***	1.209***	1.209***	1.301***	1.527***	1.534***
	(0.266)	(0.252)	(0.267)	(0.226)	(0.146)	(0.200)	(0.188)	(0.227)	(0.225)	(0.150)
Observations	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740
Outcome mean	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10
Upper respiratory diseases
Refugee share	0.443*	0.435*	0.593**	0.882***	0.759***	0.539**	0.536*	0.641**	1.112***	0.884***
	(0.219)	(0.233)	(0.273)	(0.251)	(0.267)	(0.274)	(0.293)	(0.322)	(0.289)	(0.249)
Observations	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747
Outcome mean	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37
Lower respiratory diseases
Refugee share	0.386*	0.383*	0.482**	0.289	0.285**	0.570***	0.570***	0.643***	0.485**	0.408**
	(0.204)	(0.197)	(0.215)	(0.175)	(0.119)	(0.172)	(0.172)	(0.177)	(0.204)	(0.176)
Observations	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747
Outcome mean	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09
Cancer
Refugee share	0.001	0.001	−0.002	−0.005	−0.006	−0.004	−0.004	−0.007	−0.010	−0.011
	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.008)	(0.014)	(0.012)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.009)	(0.014)	(0.013)
Observations	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771
Outcome mean	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Diabetes
Refugee share	0.007	0.006	0.008	−0.005	0.001	0.010	0.010	0.012	−0.001	0.002
	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.017)	(0.021)	(0.019)	(0.015)	(0.016)	(0.018)	(0.021)	(0.018)
Observations	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762
Outcome mean	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Diarrhea
Refugee share	−0.003	−0.005	−0.129	0.246	0.298	0.053	0.052	−0.012	0.328	0.423*
	(0.253)	(0.244)	(0.259)	(0.212)	(0.181)	(0.240)	(0.230)	(0.238)	(0.275)	(0.238)
Observations	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746
Outcome mean	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29
Anemia
Refugee share	−0.196	−0.199	−0.103	−0.010	−0.109	−0.138	−0.139	−0.078	0.068	−0.040
	(0.137)	(0.128)	(0.156)	(0.122)	(0.138)	(0.145)	(0.135)	(0.159)	(0.126)	(0.141)
Observations	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667
Outcome mean	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09
Region and year fixed effects	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Individual characteristics	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Log trade volume	—	x	x	x	x	—	x	x	x	x
Baseline trade × year fixed effects	—	—	x	x	x	—	—	x	x	x
12 region-specific linear trends	—	—	—	x	—	—	—	—	x	—
12 region–year fixed effects	—	—	—	—	x	—	—	—	—	x

	OLS					IV
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
Infectious diseases
Refugee share	1.055***	1.052***	1.188***	1.436***	1.431***	1.209***	1.209***	1.301***	1.527***	1.534***
	(0.266)	(0.252)	(0.267)	(0.226)	(0.146)	(0.200)	(0.188)	(0.227)	(0.225)	(0.150)
Observations	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740	14,740
Outcome mean	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10
Upper respiratory diseases
Refugee share	0.443*	0.435*	0.593**	0.882***	0.759***	0.539**	0.536*	0.641**	1.112***	0.884***
	(0.219)	(0.233)	(0.273)	(0.251)	(0.267)	(0.274)	(0.293)	(0.322)	(0.289)	(0.249)
Observations	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747
Outcome mean	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37
Lower respiratory diseases
Refugee share	0.386*	0.383*	0.482**	0.289	0.285**	0.570***	0.570***	0.643***	0.485**	0.408**
	(0.204)	(0.197)	(0.215)	(0.175)	(0.119)	(0.172)	(0.172)	(0.177)	(0.204)	(0.176)
Observations	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747	14,747
Outcome mean	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09
Cancer
Refugee share	0.001	0.001	−0.002	−0.005	−0.006	−0.004	−0.004	−0.007	−0.010	−0.011
	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.008)	(0.014)	(0.012)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.009)	(0.014)	(0.013)
Observations	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771	14,771
Outcome mean	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Diabetes
Refugee share	0.007	0.006	0.008	−0.005	0.001	0.010	0.010	0.012	−0.001	0.002
	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.017)	(0.021)	(0.019)	(0.015)	(0.016)	(0.018)	(0.021)	(0.018)
Observations	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762	14,762
Outcome mean	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Diarrhea
Refugee share	−0.003	−0.005	−0.129	0.246	0.298	0.053	0.052	−0.012	0.328	0.423*
	(0.253)	(0.244)	(0.259)	(0.212)	(0.181)	(0.240)	(0.230)	(0.238)	(0.275)	(0.238)
Observations	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746	14,746
Outcome mean	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29	0.29
Anemia
Refugee share	−0.196	−0.199	−0.103	−0.010	−0.109	−0.138	−0.139	−0.078	0.068	−0.040
	(0.137)	(0.128)	(0.156)	(0.122)	(0.138)	(0.145)	(0.135)	(0.159)	(0.126)	(0.141)
Observations	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667	14,667
Outcome mean	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09
Region and year fixed effects	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Individual characteristics	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Log trade volume	—	x	x	x	x	—	x	x	x	x
Baseline trade × year fixed effects	—	—	x	x	x	—	—	x	x	x
12 region-specific linear trends	—	—	—	x	—	—	—	—	x	—
12 region–year fixed effects	—	—	—	—	x	—	—	—	—	x

Source: Data come from the 2008–2016 Turkish Health Surveys which can be accessed through the Turkish Institute of Statistics website (https://www.tuik.gov.tr/Home/Index) with permission.

Note: Columns (1)–(5) report OLS estimates from using the share of Syrian refugee inflows in region population as an explanatory variable. Columns (6)–(10) report IV estimates from instrumenting the share of Syrian refugee inflows in region population by the distance instrument. All specifications control for 26 region and year fixed effects, as well as the individual characteristics, including the child’s age, gender, and indicator variables for the educational attainment of the household head. Columns (2)–(5) and (7)–(10) also control for 26 region-level trade volume, and Columns (3)–(5) and (8)–(10) control for the interaction of the baseline trade volume in 2008 with year dummies. Columns (4)–(5) and (9)–(10) add 12 region-specific linear time trends and 12 region–year fixed effects, respectively. The variables are described in the supplementary online appendix. Standard errors are clustered at the 26-region level. ***, **, and * denote significance at the 1, 5, and 10 percent levels, respectively.

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