Table 6 Open in new tab Kinematic and...

Parameters	Non-faller (n = 29), mean (s.d.)	Faller (n = 24), mean (s.d.)	Mean difference (95% CI)	P-value
Hip kinematic
Flexion–extension ROM	38.3 (5.5)	36.1 (7.8)	2.9 (−0.75, 6.53)	n.s.
Hip extension	−11.9 (7.6)	−8.5 (10.5)	−3.3 (−8.23, 1.61)	n.s.
Hip flexion	26.3 (6.8)	27.6 (7.0)	−0.42 (−4.14, 3.3)	n.s.
Peak abduction at initial swing	6.0 (3.9)	5.3 (4.7)	0.08 (−2.23, 2.39)	n.s.
Extension in the loading response	0.52 (0.17)	0.52 (0.16)	−0.03 (−0.13, 0.08)	n.s.
Flexion in late stance	−0.81 (0.37)	−0.75 (0.26)	−0.1 (−0.3, 0.1)	n.s.
Abduction in mid-stance	0.89 (0.20)	0.93 (0.21)	−0.09 (−0.22, 0.03)	n.s.
Adduction at terminal stance	−0.08 (0.07)	−0.07 (0.05)	−0.01 (−0.05, 0.02)	0.24
Knee kinematic
Flexion–extension ROM	58.3 (5.5)	50.3 (12.7)	9.44 (4.27, 14.61)	<0.001
Knee extension	−2.3 (5.0)	1.3 (7.3)	−2.89 (−6.21, 0.43)	n.s.
Knee flexion	56.0 (5.6)	51.6 (10.6)	6.55 (2.12, 10.95)	0.004
Peak valgus/varus in mid-swing	9.5 (7.4)	9.7 (10.6)	−2.64 (−7.44, 2.16)	n.s.
Peak valgus/varus in stance	2.4 (4.1)	2.6 (7.6)	−0.7 (−3.9, 2.49)	n.s.
Extensor in the loading response	0.48 (0.22)	0.52 (0.21)	−0.01 (−0.14, 0.12)	n.s.
Flexor in terminal stance	−0.33 (0.1)	−0.31 (0.12)	− 0 (−0.06, 0.07)	n.s.
Valgus in mid-stance	0.40 (0.16)	0.44 (0.27)	−0.08 (−0.2, 0.04)	n.s.
Varus in terminal stance/initial swing	−0.07 (0.03)	−0.06 (0.03)	0 (−0.02, 0.02)	n.s.
Ankle kinematic
Dorsiflexion–plantarflexion ROM	22.8 (5.0)	23.9 (5.7)	−0.95 (−3.81, 1.92)	n.s.
Plantarflexion in pre-swing/early swing	12.7 (5.0)	13.5 (7.0)	−0.6 (−3.87, 2.67)	n.s.
Dorsiflexion late single support	−10.2 (7.3)	−10.4 (9.2)	0.35 (−4.07, 4.77)	n.s.
Plantarflexion at pre-swing	1.24 (0.21)	1.19 (0.25)	0.02 (−0.11, 0.16)	0.330
Dorsiflexion in the loading response	−0.18 (0.1)	−0.18 (0.1)	−0.01 (−0.07, 0.05)	n.s.
Temporal-spatial parameters
Speed, m/s	1.0 (0.2)	0.9 (0.3)	−0.13 (0.26, 0.00)	0.054
Stride length, m	1.2 (0.2)	1.1 (0.3)	−0.13 (−0.25, −0.01)	0.039
Step length, m	0.6 (0.1)	0.5 (0.1)	−0.06 (−0.12, 0.00)	0.057
Cadence, steps/min	10.3 (11.5)	10.0 (9.5)	10.30 (−5.60, 6.20)	0.266
Single support, s	0.4 (0.1)	0.4 (0.1)	0.00 (−0.06, 0.06)	0.205
Double support, s	0.3 (0.1)	0.4 (0.1)	0.10 (0.05, 0.16)	0.041
Swing, %GC	36.8 (1.9)	34.2 (3.9)	2.61 (0.93, 4.25)	0.019

Parameters

Non-faller (n = 29), mean (s.d.)

Faller (n = 24), mean (s.d.)

Mean difference (95% CI)

P-value

Hip kinematic

Flexion–extension ROM

38.3 (5.5)

36.1 (7.8)

2.9 (−0.75, 6.53)

n.s.

Hip extension

−11.9 (7.6)

−8.5 (10.5)

−3.3 (−8.23, 1.61)

n.s.

Hip flexion

26.3 (6.8)

27.6 (7.0)

−0.42 (−4.14, 3.3)

n.s.

Peak abduction at initial swing

6.0 (3.9)

5.3 (4.7)

0.08 (−2.23, 2.39)

n.s.

Extension in the loading response

0.52 (0.17)

0.52 (0.16)

−0.03 (−0.13, 0.08)

n.s.

Flexion in late stance

−0.81 (0.37)

−0.75 (0.26)

−0.1 (−0.3, 0.1)

n.s.

Abduction in mid-stance

0.89 (0.20)

0.93 (0.21)

−0.09 (−0.22, 0.03)

n.s.

Adduction at terminal stance

−0.08 (0.07)

−0.07 (0.05)

−0.01 (−0.05, 0.02)

0.24

Knee kinematic

Flexion–extension ROM

58.3 (5.5)

50.3 (12.7)

9.44 (4.27, 14.61)

<0.001

Knee extension

−2.3 (5.0)

1.3 (7.3)

−2.89 (−6.21, 0.43)

n.s.

Knee flexion

56.0 (5.6)

51.6 (10.6)

6.55 (2.12, 10.95)

0.004

Peak valgus/varus in mid-swing

9.5 (7.4)

9.7 (10.6)

−2.64 (−7.44, 2.16)

n.s.

Peak valgus/varus in stance

2.4 (4.1)

2.6 (7.6)

−0.7 (−3.9, 2.49)

n.s.

Extensor in the loading response

0.48 (0.22)

0.52 (0.21)

−0.01 (−0.14, 0.12)

n.s.

Flexor in terminal stance

−0.33 (0.1)

−0.31 (0.12)

− 0 (−0.06, 0.07)

n.s.

Valgus in mid-stance

0.40 (0.16)

0.44 (0.27)

−0.08 (−0.2, 0.04)

n.s.

Varus in terminal stance/initial swing

−0.07 (0.03)

−0.06 (0.03)

0 (−0.02, 0.02)

n.s.

Ankle kinematic

Dorsiflexion–plantarflexion ROM

22.8 (5.0)

23.9 (5.7)

−0.95 (−3.81, 1.92)

n.s.

Plantarflexion in pre-swing/early swing

12.7 (5.0)

13.5 (7.0)

−0.6 (−3.87, 2.67)

n.s.

Dorsiflexion late single support

−10.2 (7.3)

−10.4 (9.2)

0.35 (−4.07, 4.77)

n.s.

Plantarflexion at pre-swing

1.24 (0.21)

1.19 (0.25)

0.02 (−0.11, 0.16)

0.330

Dorsiflexion in the loading response

−0.18 (0.1)

−0.01 (−0.07, 0.05)

n.s.

Temporal-spatial parameters

Speed, m/s

1.0 (0.2)

0.9 (0.3)

−0.13 (0.26, 0.00)

0.054

Stride length, m

1.2 (0.2)

1.1 (0.3)

−0.13 (−0.25, −0.01)

0.039

Step length, m

0.6 (0.1)

0.5 (0.1)

−0.06 (−0.12, 0.00)

0.057

Cadence, steps/min

10.3 (11.5)

10.0 (9.5)

10.30 (−5.60, 6.20)

0.266

Single support, s

0.4 (0.1)

0.00 (−0.06, 0.06)

0.205

Double support, s

0.3 (0.1)

0.4 (0.1)

0.10 (0.05, 0.16)

0.041

Swing, %GC

36.8 (1.9)

34.2 (3.9)

2.61 (0.93, 4.25)

0.019

Parameters	Non-faller (n = 29), mean (s.d.)	Faller (n = 24), mean (s.d.)	Mean difference (95% CI)	P-value
Hip kinematic
Flexion–extension ROM	38.3 (5.5)	36.1 (7.8)	2.9 (−0.75, 6.53)	n.s.
Hip extension	−11.9 (7.6)	−8.5 (10.5)	−3.3 (−8.23, 1.61)	n.s.
Hip flexion	26.3 (6.8)	27.6 (7.0)	−0.42 (−4.14, 3.3)	n.s.
Peak abduction at initial swing	6.0 (3.9)	5.3 (4.7)	0.08 (−2.23, 2.39)	n.s.
Extension in the loading response	0.52 (0.17)	0.52 (0.16)	−0.03 (−0.13, 0.08)	n.s.
Flexion in late stance	−0.81 (0.37)	−0.75 (0.26)	−0.1 (−0.3, 0.1)	n.s.
Abduction in mid-stance	0.89 (0.20)	0.93 (0.21)	−0.09 (−0.22, 0.03)	n.s.
Adduction at terminal stance	−0.08 (0.07)	−0.07 (0.05)	−0.01 (−0.05, 0.02)	0.24
Knee kinematic
Flexion–extension ROM	58.3 (5.5)	50.3 (12.7)	9.44 (4.27, 14.61)	<0.001
Knee extension	−2.3 (5.0)	1.3 (7.3)	−2.89 (−6.21, 0.43)	n.s.
Knee flexion	56.0 (5.6)	51.6 (10.6)	6.55 (2.12, 10.95)	0.004
Peak valgus/varus in mid-swing	9.5 (7.4)	9.7 (10.6)	−2.64 (−7.44, 2.16)	n.s.
Peak valgus/varus in stance	2.4 (4.1)	2.6 (7.6)	−0.7 (−3.9, 2.49)	n.s.
Extensor in the loading response	0.48 (0.22)	0.52 (0.21)	−0.01 (−0.14, 0.12)	n.s.
Flexor in terminal stance	−0.33 (0.1)	−0.31 (0.12)	− 0 (−0.06, 0.07)	n.s.
Valgus in mid-stance	0.40 (0.16)	0.44 (0.27)	−0.08 (−0.2, 0.04)	n.s.
Varus in terminal stance/initial swing	−0.07 (0.03)	−0.06 (0.03)	0 (−0.02, 0.02)	n.s.
Ankle kinematic
Dorsiflexion–plantarflexion ROM	22.8 (5.0)	23.9 (5.7)	−0.95 (−3.81, 1.92)	n.s.
Plantarflexion in pre-swing/early swing	12.7 (5.0)	13.5 (7.0)	−0.6 (−3.87, 2.67)	n.s.
Dorsiflexion late single support	−10.2 (7.3)	−10.4 (9.2)	0.35 (−4.07, 4.77)	n.s.
Plantarflexion at pre-swing	1.24 (0.21)	1.19 (0.25)	0.02 (−0.11, 0.16)	0.330
Dorsiflexion in the loading response	−0.18 (0.1)	−0.18 (0.1)	−0.01 (−0.07, 0.05)	n.s.
Temporal-spatial parameters
Speed, m/s	1.0 (0.2)	0.9 (0.3)	−0.13 (0.26, 0.00)	0.054
Stride length, m	1.2 (0.2)	1.1 (0.3)	−0.13 (−0.25, −0.01)	0.039
Step length, m	0.6 (0.1)	0.5 (0.1)	−0.06 (−0.12, 0.00)	0.057
Cadence, steps/min	10.3 (11.5)	10.0 (9.5)	10.30 (−5.60, 6.20)	0.266
Single support, s	0.4 (0.1)	0.4 (0.1)	0.00 (−0.06, 0.06)	0.205
Double support, s	0.3 (0.1)	0.4 (0.1)	0.10 (0.05, 0.16)	0.041
Swing, %GC	36.8 (1.9)	34.2 (3.9)	2.61 (0.93, 4.25)	0.019

Table 6

Open in new tab

Kinematic and temporal-spatial parameters for fallers and non-fallers

Parameters	Non-faller (n = 29), mean (s.d.)	Faller (n = 24), mean (s.d.)	Mean difference (95% CI)	P-value
Hip kinematic
Flexion–extension ROM	38.3 (5.5)	36.1 (7.8)	2.9 (−0.75, 6.53)	n.s.
Hip extension	−11.9 (7.6)	−8.5 (10.5)	−3.3 (−8.23, 1.61)	n.s.
Hip flexion	26.3 (6.8)	27.6 (7.0)	−0.42 (−4.14, 3.3)	n.s.
Peak abduction at initial swing	6.0 (3.9)	5.3 (4.7)	0.08 (−2.23, 2.39)	n.s.
Extension in the loading response	0.52 (0.17)	0.52 (0.16)	−0.03 (−0.13, 0.08)	n.s.
Flexion in late stance	−0.81 (0.37)	−0.75 (0.26)	−0.1 (−0.3, 0.1)	n.s.
Abduction in mid-stance	0.89 (0.20)	0.93 (0.21)	−0.09 (−0.22, 0.03)	n.s.
Adduction at terminal stance	−0.08 (0.07)	−0.07 (0.05)	−0.01 (−0.05, 0.02)	0.24
Knee kinematic
Flexion–extension ROM	58.3 (5.5)	50.3 (12.7)	9.44 (4.27, 14.61)	<0.001
Knee extension	−2.3 (5.0)	1.3 (7.3)	−2.89 (−6.21, 0.43)	n.s.
Knee flexion	56.0 (5.6)	51.6 (10.6)	6.55 (2.12, 10.95)	0.004
Peak valgus/varus in mid-swing	9.5 (7.4)	9.7 (10.6)	−2.64 (−7.44, 2.16)	n.s.
Peak valgus/varus in stance	2.4 (4.1)	2.6 (7.6)	−0.7 (−3.9, 2.49)	n.s.
Extensor in the loading response	0.48 (0.22)	0.52 (0.21)	−0.01 (−0.14, 0.12)	n.s.
Flexor in terminal stance	−0.33 (0.1)	−0.31 (0.12)	− 0 (−0.06, 0.07)	n.s.
Valgus in mid-stance	0.40 (0.16)	0.44 (0.27)	−0.08 (−0.2, 0.04)	n.s.
Varus in terminal stance/initial swing	−0.07 (0.03)	−0.06 (0.03)	0 (−0.02, 0.02)	n.s.
Ankle kinematic
Dorsiflexion–plantarflexion ROM	22.8 (5.0)	23.9 (5.7)	−0.95 (−3.81, 1.92)	n.s.
Plantarflexion in pre-swing/early swing	12.7 (5.0)	13.5 (7.0)	−0.6 (−3.87, 2.67)	n.s.
Dorsiflexion late single support	−10.2 (7.3)	−10.4 (9.2)	0.35 (−4.07, 4.77)	n.s.
Plantarflexion at pre-swing	1.24 (0.21)	1.19 (0.25)	0.02 (−0.11, 0.16)	0.330
Dorsiflexion in the loading response	−0.18 (0.1)	−0.18 (0.1)	−0.01 (−0.07, 0.05)	n.s.
Temporal-spatial parameters
Speed, m/s	1.0 (0.2)	0.9 (0.3)	−0.13 (0.26, 0.00)	0.054
Stride length, m	1.2 (0.2)	1.1 (0.3)	−0.13 (−0.25, −0.01)	0.039
Step length, m	0.6 (0.1)	0.5 (0.1)	−0.06 (−0.12, 0.00)	0.057
Cadence, steps/min	10.3 (11.5)	10.0 (9.5)	10.30 (−5.60, 6.20)	0.266
Single support, s	0.4 (0.1)	0.4 (0.1)	0.00 (−0.06, 0.06)	0.205
Double support, s	0.3 (0.1)	0.4 (0.1)	0.10 (0.05, 0.16)	0.041
Swing, %GC	36.8 (1.9)	34.2 (3.9)	2.61 (0.93, 4.25)	0.019

Parameters	Non-faller (n = 29), mean (s.d.)	Faller (n = 24), mean (s.d.)	Mean difference (95% CI)	P-value
Hip kinematic
Flexion–extension ROM	38.3 (5.5)	36.1 (7.8)	2.9 (−0.75, 6.53)	n.s.
Hip extension	−11.9 (7.6)	−8.5 (10.5)	−3.3 (−8.23, 1.61)	n.s.
Hip flexion	26.3 (6.8)	27.6 (7.0)	−0.42 (−4.14, 3.3)	n.s.
Peak abduction at initial swing	6.0 (3.9)	5.3 (4.7)	0.08 (−2.23, 2.39)	n.s.
Extension in the loading response	0.52 (0.17)	0.52 (0.16)	−0.03 (−0.13, 0.08)	n.s.
Flexion in late stance	−0.81 (0.37)	−0.75 (0.26)	−0.1 (−0.3, 0.1)	n.s.
Abduction in mid-stance	0.89 (0.20)	0.93 (0.21)	−0.09 (−0.22, 0.03)	n.s.
Adduction at terminal stance	−0.08 (0.07)	−0.07 (0.05)	−0.01 (−0.05, 0.02)	0.24
Knee kinematic
Flexion–extension ROM	58.3 (5.5)	50.3 (12.7)	9.44 (4.27, 14.61)	<0.001
Knee extension	−2.3 (5.0)	1.3 (7.3)	−2.89 (−6.21, 0.43)	n.s.
Knee flexion	56.0 (5.6)	51.6 (10.6)	6.55 (2.12, 10.95)	0.004
Peak valgus/varus in mid-swing	9.5 (7.4)	9.7 (10.6)	−2.64 (−7.44, 2.16)	n.s.
Peak valgus/varus in stance	2.4 (4.1)	2.6 (7.6)	−0.7 (−3.9, 2.49)	n.s.
Extensor in the loading response	0.48 (0.22)	0.52 (0.21)	−0.01 (−0.14, 0.12)	n.s.
Flexor in terminal stance	−0.33 (0.1)	−0.31 (0.12)	− 0 (−0.06, 0.07)	n.s.
Valgus in mid-stance	0.40 (0.16)	0.44 (0.27)	−0.08 (−0.2, 0.04)	n.s.
Varus in terminal stance/initial swing	−0.07 (0.03)	−0.06 (0.03)	0 (−0.02, 0.02)	n.s.
Ankle kinematic
Dorsiflexion–plantarflexion ROM	22.8 (5.0)	23.9 (5.7)	−0.95 (−3.81, 1.92)	n.s.
Plantarflexion in pre-swing/early swing	12.7 (5.0)	13.5 (7.0)	−0.6 (−3.87, 2.67)	n.s.
Dorsiflexion late single support	−10.2 (7.3)	−10.4 (9.2)	0.35 (−4.07, 4.77)	n.s.
Plantarflexion at pre-swing	1.24 (0.21)	1.19 (0.25)	0.02 (−0.11, 0.16)	0.330
Dorsiflexion in the loading response	−0.18 (0.1)	−0.18 (0.1)	−0.01 (−0.07, 0.05)	n.s.
Temporal-spatial parameters
Speed, m/s	1.0 (0.2)	0.9 (0.3)	−0.13 (0.26, 0.00)	0.054
Stride length, m	1.2 (0.2)	1.1 (0.3)	−0.13 (−0.25, −0.01)	0.039
Step length, m	0.6 (0.1)	0.5 (0.1)	−0.06 (−0.12, 0.00)	0.057
Cadence, steps/min	10.3 (11.5)	10.0 (9.5)	10.30 (−5.60, 6.20)	0.266
Single support, s	0.4 (0.1)	0.4 (0.1)	0.00 (−0.06, 0.06)	0.205
Double support, s	0.3 (0.1)	0.4 (0.1)	0.10 (0.05, 0.16)	0.041
Swing, %GC	36.8 (1.9)	34.2 (3.9)	2.61 (0.93, 4.25)	0.019

GC: gait cycle; n.s.: not significant.

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