Table 5.
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Country Median Learning Gaps by Various Sources of Disadvantage for PISA-D Countries

MathReadingScience
CategoryPISA rawPISA adj.Study's estimatePISA rawPISA adj.Study's estimatePISA rawPISA adj.Study's estimate
Female−12.8−15.211.89.2−4.7−5.9
Rural−33.1−20.1−16.6−42.2−28.3−18.6−28.3−19.0−13.0
Language−38.1−31.4−25.9−38.7−31.7−28.8−32.7−25.9−20.7
Immigranta−5.1−11.4−12.7−17.1−17.3−13.9−14.8−14.9−14.0
MathReadingScience
CategoryPISA rawPISA adj.Study's estimatePISA rawPISA adj.Study's estimatePISA rawPISA adj.Study's estimate
Female−12.8−15.211.89.2−4.7−5.9
Rural−33.1−20.1−16.6−42.2−28.3−18.6−28.3−19.0−13.0
Language−38.1−31.4−25.9−38.7−31.7−28.8−32.7−25.9−20.7
Immigranta−5.1−11.4−12.7−17.1−17.3−13.9−14.8−14.9−14.0

Source: Authors’ calculations.

Note: “PISA Raw” is the difference in means across the two categories (i.e., advantaged category—disadvantaged category) with no adjustments for ESCS; “PISA Adj.” is the difference in means across the two categories after accounting for students’ socio-economic status; “Our estimate” refers to the median of the PISA-D estimated coefficients in mathematics (which are available from the authors upon request). The measures of disadvantaged that are examined include the standard dimensions of disadvantage (i.e., gender, rural residence, language spoken at home (if different from language of instruction); immigrant status, and socioeconomic status). The figures presented in this table are based on PISA-D countries only.

aPISA does not report an adjusted estimate for “immigrant” in the case of Cambodia, and hence Cambodia is excluded from the median of the estimates to enhance comparability.

Table 5.
Open in new tab

Country Median Learning Gaps by Various Sources of Disadvantage for PISA-D Countries

MathReadingScience
CategoryPISA rawPISA adj.Study's estimatePISA rawPISA adj.Study's estimatePISA rawPISA adj.Study's estimate
Female−12.8−15.211.89.2−4.7−5.9
Rural−33.1−20.1−16.6−42.2−28.3−18.6−28.3−19.0−13.0
Language−38.1−31.4−25.9−38.7−31.7−28.8−32.7−25.9−20.7
Immigranta−5.1−11.4−12.7−17.1−17.3−13.9−14.8−14.9−14.0
MathReadingScience
CategoryPISA rawPISA adj.Study's estimatePISA rawPISA adj.Study's estimatePISA rawPISA adj.Study's estimate
Female−12.8−15.211.89.2−4.7−5.9
Rural−33.1−20.1−16.6−42.2−28.3−18.6−28.3−19.0−13.0
Language−38.1−31.4−25.9−38.7−31.7−28.8−32.7−25.9−20.7
Immigranta−5.1−11.4−12.7−17.1−17.3−13.9−14.8−14.9−14.0

Source: Authors’ calculations.

Note: “PISA Raw” is the difference in means across the two categories (i.e., advantaged category—disadvantaged category) with no adjustments for ESCS; “PISA Adj.” is the difference in means across the two categories after accounting for students’ socio-economic status; “Our estimate” refers to the median of the PISA-D estimated coefficients in mathematics (which are available from the authors upon request). The measures of disadvantaged that are examined include the standard dimensions of disadvantage (i.e., gender, rural residence, language spoken at home (if different from language of instruction); immigrant status, and socioeconomic status). The figures presented in this table are based on PISA-D countries only.

aPISA does not report an adjusted estimate for “immigrant” in the case of Cambodia, and hence Cambodia is excluded from the median of the estimates to enhance comparability.

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