Table 9. Open in new tab Heterogeneity...

		Formal	Casual	Days			Monthly
Panel A: Main effects by gender
Treatment	0.19**	0.20**	−0.21**	4.48*	8.49*	−0.31	26.61*
	(0.09)	(0.08)	(0.10)	(2.41)	(4.78)	(0.97)	(16.04)
Female	1.26***	0.31	−0.51	23.88**	48.76**	−7.65	102.82
	(0.45)	(0.40)	(0.48)	(11.59)	(23.03)	(4.68)	(77.26)
Female × Treatment	−0.19	−0.13	0.09	−3.25	−5.73	−0.03	−43.09**
	(0.12)	(0.10)	(0.12)	(2.97)	(5.89)	(1.20)	(19.77)
Observations	653	653	653	651	650	650	650
Panel B: Social treatment by gender
Treatment	0.20*	0.10	−0.21*	3.27	6.70	−1.68	10.79
	(0.10)	(0.09)	(0.12)	(2.65)	(5.27)	(1.37)	(19.91)
Female	1.14**	0.18	−0.63	19.41	39.98	−12.46*	79.36
	(0.53)	(0.47)	(0.60)	(13.41)	(26.65)	(6.94)	(100.65)
Female × Treatment	−0.23*	−0.06	0.08	−4.22	−6.08	1.12	−28.48
	(0.13)	(0.12)	(0.15)	(3.28)	(6.52)	(1.70)	(24.63)
Observations	429	429	429	429	428	428	428
Panel C: Technical treatment by gender
Treatment	0.18*	0.28***	−0.22**	5.62**	9.53*	1.16	40.81**
	(0.11)	(0.09)	(0.11)	(2.71)	(5.38)	(0.81)	(16.78)
Female	1.56***	0.07	−0.28	29.44**	54.60*	4.44	231.13**
	(0.56)	(0.49)	(0.61)	(14.58)	(28.98)	(4.36)	(90.31)
Female × Treatment	−0.14	−0.16	0.11	−2.10	−4.19	−1.36	−54.00***
	(0.13)	(0.11)	(0.14)	(3.36)	(6.69)	(1.01)	(20.84)
Observations	432	432	432	430	430	430	430
Controls
Baseline demographics	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Course/stratification FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Pre-treatment outcome	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Days from graduation	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

Formal

Casual

Days

Monthly

Employed

contract

worker

worked

Hours

Wages

earnings

Panel A: Main effects by gender

Treatment

0.19**

0.20**

−0.21**

4.48*

8.49*

−0.31

26.61*

(0.09)

(0.08)

(0.10)

(2.41)

(4.78)

(0.97)

(16.04)

Female

1.26***

0.31

−0.51

23.88**

48.76**

−7.65

102.82

(0.45)

(0.40)

(0.48)

(11.59)

(23.03)

(4.68)

(77.26)

Female × Treatment

−0.19

−0.13

0.09

−3.25

−5.73

−0.03

−43.09**

(0.12)

(0.10)

(0.12)

(2.97)

(5.89)

(1.20)

(19.77)

Observations

653

651

650

Panel B: Social treatment by gender

Treatment

0.20*

0.10

−0.21*

3.27

6.70

−1.68

10.79

(0.10)

(0.09)

(0.12)

(2.65)

(5.27)

(1.37)

(19.91)

Female

1.14**

0.18

−0.63

19.41

39.98

−12.46*

79.36

(0.53)

(0.47)

(0.60)

(13.41)

(26.65)

(6.94)

(100.65)

Female × Treatment

−0.23*

−0.06

0.08

−4.22

−6.08

1.12

−28.48

(0.13)

(0.12)

(0.15)

(3.28)

(6.52)

(1.70)

(24.63)

Observations

429

428

Panel C: Technical treatment by gender

Treatment

0.18*

0.28***

−0.22**

5.62**

9.53*

1.16

40.81**

(0.11)

(0.09)

(0.11)

(2.71)

(5.38)

(0.81)

(16.78)

Female

1.56***

0.07

−0.28

29.44**

54.60*

4.44

231.13**

(0.56)

(0.49)

(0.61)

(14.58)

(28.98)

(4.36)

(90.31)

Female × Treatment

−0.14

−0.16

0.11

−2.10

−4.19

−1.36

−54.00***

(0.13)

(0.11)

(0.14)

(3.36)

(6.69)

(1.01)

(20.84)

Observations

432

430

Controls

Baseline demographics

Yes

Course/stratification FE

Yes

Pre-treatment outcome

Yes

Days from graduation

Yes

		Formal	Casual	Days			Monthly
Panel A: Main effects by gender
Treatment	0.19**	0.20**	−0.21**	4.48*	8.49*	−0.31	26.61*
	(0.09)	(0.08)	(0.10)	(2.41)	(4.78)	(0.97)	(16.04)
Female	1.26***	0.31	−0.51	23.88**	48.76**	−7.65	102.82
	(0.45)	(0.40)	(0.48)	(11.59)	(23.03)	(4.68)	(77.26)
Female × Treatment	−0.19	−0.13	0.09	−3.25	−5.73	−0.03	−43.09**
	(0.12)	(0.10)	(0.12)	(2.97)	(5.89)	(1.20)	(19.77)
Observations	653	653	653	651	650	650	650
Panel B: Social treatment by gender
Treatment	0.20*	0.10	−0.21*	3.27	6.70	−1.68	10.79
	(0.10)	(0.09)	(0.12)	(2.65)	(5.27)	(1.37)	(19.91)
Female	1.14**	0.18	−0.63	19.41	39.98	−12.46*	79.36
	(0.53)	(0.47)	(0.60)	(13.41)	(26.65)	(6.94)	(100.65)
Female × Treatment	−0.23*	−0.06	0.08	−4.22	−6.08	1.12	−28.48
	(0.13)	(0.12)	(0.15)	(3.28)	(6.52)	(1.70)	(24.63)
Observations	429	429	429	429	428	428	428
Panel C: Technical treatment by gender
Treatment	0.18*	0.28***	−0.22**	5.62**	9.53*	1.16	40.81**
	(0.11)	(0.09)	(0.11)	(2.71)	(5.38)	(0.81)	(16.78)
Female	1.56***	0.07	−0.28	29.44**	54.60*	4.44	231.13**
	(0.56)	(0.49)	(0.61)	(14.58)	(28.98)	(4.36)	(90.31)
Female × Treatment	−0.14	−0.16	0.11	−2.10	−4.19	−1.36	−54.00***
	(0.13)	(0.11)	(0.14)	(3.36)	(6.69)	(1.01)	(20.84)
Observations	432	432	432	430	430	430	430
Controls
Baseline demographics	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Course/stratification FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Pre-treatment outcome	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Days from graduation	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

Table 9.

Open in new tab

Heterogeneity by Gender: Labor-Market Outcomes

		Formal	Casual	Days			Monthly
	Employed	contract	worker	worked	Hours	Wages	earnings
Panel A: Main effects by gender
Treatment	0.19**	0.20**	−0.21**	4.48*	8.49*	−0.31	26.61*
	(0.09)	(0.08)	(0.10)	(2.41)	(4.78)	(0.97)	(16.04)
Female	1.26***	0.31	−0.51	23.88**	48.76**	−7.65	102.82
	(0.45)	(0.40)	(0.48)	(11.59)	(23.03)	(4.68)	(77.26)
Female × Treatment	−0.19	−0.13	0.09	−3.25	−5.73	−0.03	−43.09**
	(0.12)	(0.10)	(0.12)	(2.97)	(5.89)	(1.20)	(19.77)
Observations	653	653	653	651	650	650	650
Panel B: Social treatment by gender
Treatment	0.20*	0.10	−0.21*	3.27	6.70	−1.68	10.79
	(0.10)	(0.09)	(0.12)	(2.65)	(5.27)	(1.37)	(19.91)
Female	1.14**	0.18	−0.63	19.41	39.98	−12.46*	79.36
	(0.53)	(0.47)	(0.60)	(13.41)	(26.65)	(6.94)	(100.65)
Female × Treatment	−0.23*	−0.06	0.08	−4.22	−6.08	1.12	−28.48
	(0.13)	(0.12)	(0.15)	(3.28)	(6.52)	(1.70)	(24.63)
Observations	429	429	429	429	428	428	428
Panel C: Technical treatment by gender
Treatment	0.18*	0.28***	−0.22**	5.62**	9.53*	1.16	40.81**
	(0.11)	(0.09)	(0.11)	(2.71)	(5.38)	(0.81)	(16.78)
Female	1.56***	0.07	−0.28	29.44**	54.60*	4.44	231.13**
	(0.56)	(0.49)	(0.61)	(14.58)	(28.98)	(4.36)	(90.31)
Female × Treatment	−0.14	−0.16	0.11	−2.10	−4.19	−1.36	−54.00***
	(0.13)	(0.11)	(0.14)	(3.36)	(6.69)	(1.01)	(20.84)
Observations	432	432	432	430	430	430	430
Controls
Baseline demographics	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Course/stratification FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Pre-treatment outcome	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Days from graduation	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

		Formal	Casual	Days			Monthly
	Employed	contract	worker	worked	Hours	Wages	earnings
Panel A: Main effects by gender
Treatment	0.19**	0.20**	−0.21**	4.48*	8.49*	−0.31	26.61*
	(0.09)	(0.08)	(0.10)	(2.41)	(4.78)	(0.97)	(16.04)
Female	1.26***	0.31	−0.51	23.88**	48.76**	−7.65	102.82
	(0.45)	(0.40)	(0.48)	(11.59)	(23.03)	(4.68)	(77.26)
Female × Treatment	−0.19	−0.13	0.09	−3.25	−5.73	−0.03	−43.09**
	(0.12)	(0.10)	(0.12)	(2.97)	(5.89)	(1.20)	(19.77)
Observations	653	653	653	651	650	650	650
Panel B: Social treatment by gender
Treatment	0.20*	0.10	−0.21*	3.27	6.70	−1.68	10.79
	(0.10)	(0.09)	(0.12)	(2.65)	(5.27)	(1.37)	(19.91)
Female	1.14**	0.18	−0.63	19.41	39.98	−12.46*	79.36
	(0.53)	(0.47)	(0.60)	(13.41)	(26.65)	(6.94)	(100.65)
Female × Treatment	−0.23*	−0.06	0.08	−4.22	−6.08	1.12	−28.48
	(0.13)	(0.12)	(0.15)	(3.28)	(6.52)	(1.70)	(24.63)
Observations	429	429	429	429	428	428	428
Panel C: Technical treatment by gender
Treatment	0.18*	0.28***	−0.22**	5.62**	9.53*	1.16	40.81**
	(0.11)	(0.09)	(0.11)	(2.71)	(5.38)	(0.81)	(16.78)
Female	1.56***	0.07	−0.28	29.44**	54.60*	4.44	231.13**
	(0.56)	(0.49)	(0.61)	(14.58)	(28.98)	(4.36)	(90.31)
Female × Treatment	−0.14	−0.16	0.11	−2.10	−4.19	−1.36	−54.00***
	(0.13)	(0.11)	(0.14)	(3.36)	(6.69)	(1.01)	(20.84)
Observations	432	432	432	430	430	430	430
Controls
Baseline demographics	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Course/stratification FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Pre-treatment outcome	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Days from graduation	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

Source: Authors’ analysis is based on the survey data collected for this project (Barrera-Osorio, Kugler, and Silliman 2019).

Note: Differences by gender are reported for social and technical treatments together (panel A) and separately (B and C). Regressions include measures of treatment group, gender, and an interaction between the two—as well as controls for baseline variables (interacted with gender), stratification fixed effects, and measures of the time elapsed since graduation. Significance levels (* = 0.10, ** = 0.05, *** = 0.01).

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