Table 1
Open in new tab

Characteristics of the NHANES participants analyzed.

CharacteristicsUnweighted N (weighted %) [95% CI]P value for trendTotal N (%) [95% CI]
2011–122013–142015–162017–18
N2124 (25.9) [22.9–29.0]2246 (25.5) [23.0–28.1]1937 (24.1) [21.4–27.2]1876 (24.5) [22.3–26.9].8438183
Male1066 (49.7) [46.6–52.8]1090 (49.3) [47.2–51.4]956 (49.0) [47.1–50.9]917 (49.7) [47.4–51.9].9524029 (49.4) [48.2–50.6]
Age, y
Mean ± SE47.36 ± 0.6748.03 ± 0.6348.97 ± 0.6447.5 ± 0.71.52147.95 ± 0.33
20–39771 (36.3) [31.9–41.0]723 (34.4) [31.4–37.5]628 (31.4) [28.7–34.2]563 (37.1) [33.9–40.4].3272685 (34.8) [33.1–36.6]
40–59716 (38.1) [34.5–41.8]803 (37.7) [34.8–40.7]669 (38.6) [35.3–41.9]624 (36.5) [32.2–40.9]2812 (37.7) [35.9–39.5]
≥60637 (25.6) [23.1–28.3]720 (27.9) [24.8–31.3]640 (30.1) [26.3–34.0]689 (26.4) [22.1–31.3]2686 (27.5) [25.7–29.3]
Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white854 (69.3) [62.4–75.4]1029 (68.6) [61.3–75.1]689 (67.3) [59.0–74.6]668 (64.7) [59.2–69.7].9383240 (67.5) [64.1–70.8]
Non-Hispanic black476 (9.1) [6.3–13.1]424 (10.0) [7.6–13.1]369 (9.7) [6.2–14.9]408 (10.0) [7.3–13.5]1677 (9.7) [8.1–11.6]
Mexican Americana224 (7.8) [5.1–12.0]286 (8.5) [5.9–12.1]310 (7.6) [4.5–12.4]263 (9.3) [6.2–13.7]1083 (8.3) [6.7–10.2]
Non-Hispanic Asian292 (4.8) [3.2–7.3]267 (5.6) [4.1–7.6]228 (5.2) [3.7–7.3]256 (5.1) [3.5–7.3]1043 (5.2) [4.3–6.2]
Otherb278 (8.9) [6.3–12.3]240 (7.2) [4.8–10.6]341 (10.2) [7.5–13.7]281 (11.0) [8.8–13.6]1140 (9.3) [8.0–10.8]
Education
<11th grade476 (16.5) [13.1–20.6]477 (15.7) [12.4–19.6]420 (13.3) [9.8–17.9]357 (10.8) [9.2–12.6].2621730 (14.1) [12.5–15.9]
High school445 (19.5) [16.0–23.6]483 (20.6) [17.4–24.2]429 (21.9) [18.1–26.2]444 (26.9) [23.5–30.5]1801 (22.1) [20.3–24.1]
Some college626 (31.9) [28.8–35.3]694 (32.5) [29.6–35.6]574 (31.7) [27.9–35.7]626 (31.9) [27.1–37.3]2520 (32.0) [30.1–34.0]
College graduate or above577 (32.1) [25.8–39.1]592 (31.2) [27.1–35.6]514 (33.2) [26.3–40.8]449 (30.4) [24.7–36.8]2132 (31.7) [28.7–34.9]
Poverty to income ratio
<130%763 (24.7) [21.2–28.5]772 (24.9) [19.1–31.7]591 (19.4) [16.4–22.8]514 (19.8) [17.5–22.3].3692640 (22.3) [20.2–24.4]
130%–349%738 (35.3) [30.8–40.0]770 (33.9) [30.9–37.0]779 (37.1) [34.1–40.3]793 (37.5) [33.2–42.0]3080 (35.9) [34.0–37.9]
≥350%623 (40.0) [33.3–47.1]704 (41.2) [34.8–47.9]567 (43.5) [38.5–48.6]569 (42.7) [37.9–47.6]2463 (41.8) [38.8–44.9]
CharacteristicsUnweighted N (weighted %) [95% CI]P value for trendTotal N (%) [95% CI]
2011–122013–142015–162017–18
N2124 (25.9) [22.9–29.0]2246 (25.5) [23.0–28.1]1937 (24.1) [21.4–27.2]1876 (24.5) [22.3–26.9].8438183
Male1066 (49.7) [46.6–52.8]1090 (49.3) [47.2–51.4]956 (49.0) [47.1–50.9]917 (49.7) [47.4–51.9].9524029 (49.4) [48.2–50.6]
Age, y
Mean ± SE47.36 ± 0.6748.03 ± 0.6348.97 ± 0.6447.5 ± 0.71.52147.95 ± 0.33
20–39771 (36.3) [31.9–41.0]723 (34.4) [31.4–37.5]628 (31.4) [28.7–34.2]563 (37.1) [33.9–40.4].3272685 (34.8) [33.1–36.6]
40–59716 (38.1) [34.5–41.8]803 (37.7) [34.8–40.7]669 (38.6) [35.3–41.9]624 (36.5) [32.2–40.9]2812 (37.7) [35.9–39.5]
≥60637 (25.6) [23.1–28.3]720 (27.9) [24.8–31.3]640 (30.1) [26.3–34.0]689 (26.4) [22.1–31.3]2686 (27.5) [25.7–29.3]
Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white854 (69.3) [62.4–75.4]1029 (68.6) [61.3–75.1]689 (67.3) [59.0–74.6]668 (64.7) [59.2–69.7].9383240 (67.5) [64.1–70.8]
Non-Hispanic black476 (9.1) [6.3–13.1]424 (10.0) [7.6–13.1]369 (9.7) [6.2–14.9]408 (10.0) [7.3–13.5]1677 (9.7) [8.1–11.6]
Mexican Americana224 (7.8) [5.1–12.0]286 (8.5) [5.9–12.1]310 (7.6) [4.5–12.4]263 (9.3) [6.2–13.7]1083 (8.3) [6.7–10.2]
Non-Hispanic Asian292 (4.8) [3.2–7.3]267 (5.6) [4.1–7.6]228 (5.2) [3.7–7.3]256 (5.1) [3.5–7.3]1043 (5.2) [4.3–6.2]
Otherb278 (8.9) [6.3–12.3]240 (7.2) [4.8–10.6]341 (10.2) [7.5–13.7]281 (11.0) [8.8–13.6]1140 (9.3) [8.0–10.8]
Education
<11th grade476 (16.5) [13.1–20.6]477 (15.7) [12.4–19.6]420 (13.3) [9.8–17.9]357 (10.8) [9.2–12.6].2621730 (14.1) [12.5–15.9]
High school445 (19.5) [16.0–23.6]483 (20.6) [17.4–24.2]429 (21.9) [18.1–26.2]444 (26.9) [23.5–30.5]1801 (22.1) [20.3–24.1]
Some college626 (31.9) [28.8–35.3]694 (32.5) [29.6–35.6]574 (31.7) [27.9–35.7]626 (31.9) [27.1–37.3]2520 (32.0) [30.1–34.0]
College graduate or above577 (32.1) [25.8–39.1]592 (31.2) [27.1–35.6]514 (33.2) [26.3–40.8]449 (30.4) [24.7–36.8]2132 (31.7) [28.7–34.9]
Poverty to income ratio
<130%763 (24.7) [21.2–28.5]772 (24.9) [19.1–31.7]591 (19.4) [16.4–22.8]514 (19.8) [17.5–22.3].3692640 (22.3) [20.2–24.4]
130%–349%738 (35.3) [30.8–40.0]770 (33.9) [30.9–37.0]779 (37.1) [34.1–40.3]793 (37.5) [33.2–42.0]3080 (35.9) [34.0–37.9]
≥350%623 (40.0) [33.3–47.1]704 (41.2) [34.8–47.9]567 (43.5) [38.5–48.6]569 (42.7) [37.9–47.6]2463 (41.8) [38.8–44.9]
a

Mexican American or other Hispanic race.

b

Other non-Hispanic races, including non-Hispanic multiracial.

Table 1
Open in new tab

Characteristics of the NHANES participants analyzed.

CharacteristicsUnweighted N (weighted %) [95% CI]P value for trendTotal N (%) [95% CI]
2011–122013–142015–162017–18
N2124 (25.9) [22.9–29.0]2246 (25.5) [23.0–28.1]1937 (24.1) [21.4–27.2]1876 (24.5) [22.3–26.9].8438183
Male1066 (49.7) [46.6–52.8]1090 (49.3) [47.2–51.4]956 (49.0) [47.1–50.9]917 (49.7) [47.4–51.9].9524029 (49.4) [48.2–50.6]
Age, y
Mean ± SE47.36 ± 0.6748.03 ± 0.6348.97 ± 0.6447.5 ± 0.71.52147.95 ± 0.33
20–39771 (36.3) [31.9–41.0]723 (34.4) [31.4–37.5]628 (31.4) [28.7–34.2]563 (37.1) [33.9–40.4].3272685 (34.8) [33.1–36.6]
40–59716 (38.1) [34.5–41.8]803 (37.7) [34.8–40.7]669 (38.6) [35.3–41.9]624 (36.5) [32.2–40.9]2812 (37.7) [35.9–39.5]
≥60637 (25.6) [23.1–28.3]720 (27.9) [24.8–31.3]640 (30.1) [26.3–34.0]689 (26.4) [22.1–31.3]2686 (27.5) [25.7–29.3]
Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white854 (69.3) [62.4–75.4]1029 (68.6) [61.3–75.1]689 (67.3) [59.0–74.6]668 (64.7) [59.2–69.7].9383240 (67.5) [64.1–70.8]
Non-Hispanic black476 (9.1) [6.3–13.1]424 (10.0) [7.6–13.1]369 (9.7) [6.2–14.9]408 (10.0) [7.3–13.5]1677 (9.7) [8.1–11.6]
Mexican Americana224 (7.8) [5.1–12.0]286 (8.5) [5.9–12.1]310 (7.6) [4.5–12.4]263 (9.3) [6.2–13.7]1083 (8.3) [6.7–10.2]
Non-Hispanic Asian292 (4.8) [3.2–7.3]267 (5.6) [4.1–7.6]228 (5.2) [3.7–7.3]256 (5.1) [3.5–7.3]1043 (5.2) [4.3–6.2]
Otherb278 (8.9) [6.3–12.3]240 (7.2) [4.8–10.6]341 (10.2) [7.5–13.7]281 (11.0) [8.8–13.6]1140 (9.3) [8.0–10.8]
Education
<11th grade476 (16.5) [13.1–20.6]477 (15.7) [12.4–19.6]420 (13.3) [9.8–17.9]357 (10.8) [9.2–12.6].2621730 (14.1) [12.5–15.9]
High school445 (19.5) [16.0–23.6]483 (20.6) [17.4–24.2]429 (21.9) [18.1–26.2]444 (26.9) [23.5–30.5]1801 (22.1) [20.3–24.1]
Some college626 (31.9) [28.8–35.3]694 (32.5) [29.6–35.6]574 (31.7) [27.9–35.7]626 (31.9) [27.1–37.3]2520 (32.0) [30.1–34.0]
College graduate or above577 (32.1) [25.8–39.1]592 (31.2) [27.1–35.6]514 (33.2) [26.3–40.8]449 (30.4) [24.7–36.8]2132 (31.7) [28.7–34.9]
Poverty to income ratio
<130%763 (24.7) [21.2–28.5]772 (24.9) [19.1–31.7]591 (19.4) [16.4–22.8]514 (19.8) [17.5–22.3].3692640 (22.3) [20.2–24.4]
130%–349%738 (35.3) [30.8–40.0]770 (33.9) [30.9–37.0]779 (37.1) [34.1–40.3]793 (37.5) [33.2–42.0]3080 (35.9) [34.0–37.9]
≥350%623 (40.0) [33.3–47.1]704 (41.2) [34.8–47.9]567 (43.5) [38.5–48.6]569 (42.7) [37.9–47.6]2463 (41.8) [38.8–44.9]
CharacteristicsUnweighted N (weighted %) [95% CI]P value for trendTotal N (%) [95% CI]
2011–122013–142015–162017–18
N2124 (25.9) [22.9–29.0]2246 (25.5) [23.0–28.1]1937 (24.1) [21.4–27.2]1876 (24.5) [22.3–26.9].8438183
Male1066 (49.7) [46.6–52.8]1090 (49.3) [47.2–51.4]956 (49.0) [47.1–50.9]917 (49.7) [47.4–51.9].9524029 (49.4) [48.2–50.6]
Age, y
Mean ± SE47.36 ± 0.6748.03 ± 0.6348.97 ± 0.6447.5 ± 0.71.52147.95 ± 0.33
20–39771 (36.3) [31.9–41.0]723 (34.4) [31.4–37.5]628 (31.4) [28.7–34.2]563 (37.1) [33.9–40.4].3272685 (34.8) [33.1–36.6]
40–59716 (38.1) [34.5–41.8]803 (37.7) [34.8–40.7]669 (38.6) [35.3–41.9]624 (36.5) [32.2–40.9]2812 (37.7) [35.9–39.5]
≥60637 (25.6) [23.1–28.3]720 (27.9) [24.8–31.3]640 (30.1) [26.3–34.0]689 (26.4) [22.1–31.3]2686 (27.5) [25.7–29.3]
Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white854 (69.3) [62.4–75.4]1029 (68.6) [61.3–75.1]689 (67.3) [59.0–74.6]668 (64.7) [59.2–69.7].9383240 (67.5) [64.1–70.8]
Non-Hispanic black476 (9.1) [6.3–13.1]424 (10.0) [7.6–13.1]369 (9.7) [6.2–14.9]408 (10.0) [7.3–13.5]1677 (9.7) [8.1–11.6]
Mexican Americana224 (7.8) [5.1–12.0]286 (8.5) [5.9–12.1]310 (7.6) [4.5–12.4]263 (9.3) [6.2–13.7]1083 (8.3) [6.7–10.2]
Non-Hispanic Asian292 (4.8) [3.2–7.3]267 (5.6) [4.1–7.6]228 (5.2) [3.7–7.3]256 (5.1) [3.5–7.3]1043 (5.2) [4.3–6.2]
Otherb278 (8.9) [6.3–12.3]240 (7.2) [4.8–10.6]341 (10.2) [7.5–13.7]281 (11.0) [8.8–13.6]1140 (9.3) [8.0–10.8]
Education
<11th grade476 (16.5) [13.1–20.6]477 (15.7) [12.4–19.6]420 (13.3) [9.8–17.9]357 (10.8) [9.2–12.6].2621730 (14.1) [12.5–15.9]
High school445 (19.5) [16.0–23.6]483 (20.6) [17.4–24.2]429 (21.9) [18.1–26.2]444 (26.9) [23.5–30.5]1801 (22.1) [20.3–24.1]
Some college626 (31.9) [28.8–35.3]694 (32.5) [29.6–35.6]574 (31.7) [27.9–35.7]626 (31.9) [27.1–37.3]2520 (32.0) [30.1–34.0]
College graduate or above577 (32.1) [25.8–39.1]592 (31.2) [27.1–35.6]514 (33.2) [26.3–40.8]449 (30.4) [24.7–36.8]2132 (31.7) [28.7–34.9]
Poverty to income ratio
<130%763 (24.7) [21.2–28.5]772 (24.9) [19.1–31.7]591 (19.4) [16.4–22.8]514 (19.8) [17.5–22.3].3692640 (22.3) [20.2–24.4]
130%–349%738 (35.3) [30.8–40.0]770 (33.9) [30.9–37.0]779 (37.1) [34.1–40.3]793 (37.5) [33.2–42.0]3080 (35.9) [34.0–37.9]
≥350%623 (40.0) [33.3–47.1]704 (41.2) [34.8–47.9]567 (43.5) [38.5–48.6]569 (42.7) [37.9–47.6]2463 (41.8) [38.8–44.9]
a

Mexican American or other Hispanic race.

b

Other non-Hispanic races, including non-Hispanic multiracial.

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