Table 2 Open in new tab Examples of...

Disorder

Languages

Structural contrast

Distinct marker

Key references

Non-fluent/agrammatic variant primary progressive aphasia

English

Greater phonetic and lesser morphosyntactic complexity

Phonetic distortions as most salient symptom

Canu et al.⁹⁸

Italian

Lesser phonetic and greater morphosyntactic complexity

Distinct syntactic alterations

Semantic variant primary progressive aphasia

English

Alphabetic script (letters represent phonemes)

High prevalence of surface dysgraphia

Graham,⁹⁹ Sepelyak et al.,¹⁰⁰ Tee et al.¹⁰¹

Chinese

Logographic script (logograms convey semantic or phonological information)

Low prevalence of surface dysgraphia

Logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia

English

Less diverse morphosyntactic patterns

Frequent sentence repetition deficits

Mesulam et al.,¹⁰² Hohlbaum et al.¹⁰³

German

More diverse morphosyntactic patterns

Infrequent sentence repetition deficits

Alzheimer’s disease

English

Simpler pronominal system

Overuse of pronouns

Ahmed et al.,¹⁰⁴ Fraser et al.,¹³ Bose et al.¹⁰⁵

Bengali

More complex pronominal system

Underuse of pronouns

Parkinson’s disease

Spanish

Verb-framed language with rich verb vocabulary

Selective action-verb deficits

Birba et al.,¹¹ García et al.,¹⁰⁶ Møller et al.¹⁰⁷

Dutch

Satellite-framed language with fewer verbs

Non-selective action-verb deficits

Behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia

No clear crosslinguistic contrast reported yet.

Table 2

Open in new tab

Examples of cross-linguistic differences

Disorder	Languages	Structural contrast	Distinct marker	Key references
Non-fluent/agrammatic variant primary progressive aphasia	English	Greater phonetic and lesser morphosyntactic complexity	Phonetic distortions as most salient symptom	Canu et al.⁹⁸
Non-fluent/agrammatic variant primary progressive aphasia	Italian	Lesser phonetic and greater morphosyntactic complexity	Distinct syntactic alterations	Canu et al.⁹⁸
Semantic variant primary progressive aphasia	English	Alphabetic script (letters represent phonemes)	High prevalence of surface dysgraphia	Graham,⁹⁹ Sepelyak et al.,¹⁰⁰ Tee et al.¹⁰¹
Semantic variant primary progressive aphasia	Chinese	Logographic script (logograms convey semantic or phonological information)	Low prevalence of surface dysgraphia	Graham,⁹⁹ Sepelyak et al.,¹⁰⁰ Tee et al.¹⁰¹
Logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia	English	Less diverse morphosyntactic patterns	Frequent sentence repetition deficits	Mesulam et al.,¹⁰² Hohlbaum et al.¹⁰³
Logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia	German	More diverse morphosyntactic patterns	Infrequent sentence repetition deficits	Mesulam et al.,¹⁰² Hohlbaum et al.¹⁰³
Alzheimer’s disease	English	Simpler pronominal system	Overuse of pronouns	Ahmed et al.,¹⁰⁴ Fraser et al.,¹³ Bose et al.¹⁰⁵
Alzheimer’s disease	Bengali	More complex pronominal system	Underuse of pronouns	Ahmed et al.,¹⁰⁴ Fraser et al.,¹³ Bose et al.¹⁰⁵
Parkinson’s disease	Spanish	Verb-framed language with rich verb vocabulary	Selective action-verb deficits	Birba et al.,¹¹ García et al.,¹⁰⁶ Møller et al.¹⁰⁷
Parkinson’s disease	Dutch	Satellite-framed language with fewer verbs	Non-selective action-verb deficits	Birba et al.,¹¹ García et al.,¹⁰⁶ Møller et al.¹⁰⁷
Behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia	No clear crosslinguistic contrast reported yet.

Disorder	Languages	Structural contrast	Distinct marker	Key references
Non-fluent/agrammatic variant primary progressive aphasia	English	Greater phonetic and lesser morphosyntactic complexity	Phonetic distortions as most salient symptom	Canu et al.⁹⁸
Non-fluent/agrammatic variant primary progressive aphasia	Italian	Lesser phonetic and greater morphosyntactic complexity	Distinct syntactic alterations	Canu et al.⁹⁸
Semantic variant primary progressive aphasia	English	Alphabetic script (letters represent phonemes)	High prevalence of surface dysgraphia	Graham,⁹⁹ Sepelyak et al.,¹⁰⁰ Tee et al.¹⁰¹
Semantic variant primary progressive aphasia	Chinese	Logographic script (logograms convey semantic or phonological information)	Low prevalence of surface dysgraphia	Graham,⁹⁹ Sepelyak et al.,¹⁰⁰ Tee et al.¹⁰¹
Logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia	English	Less diverse morphosyntactic patterns	Frequent sentence repetition deficits	Mesulam et al.,¹⁰² Hohlbaum et al.¹⁰³
Logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia	German	More diverse morphosyntactic patterns	Infrequent sentence repetition deficits	Mesulam et al.,¹⁰² Hohlbaum et al.¹⁰³
Alzheimer’s disease	English	Simpler pronominal system	Overuse of pronouns	Ahmed et al.,¹⁰⁴ Fraser et al.,¹³ Bose et al.¹⁰⁵
Alzheimer’s disease	Bengali	More complex pronominal system	Underuse of pronouns	Ahmed et al.,¹⁰⁴ Fraser et al.,¹³ Bose et al.¹⁰⁵
Parkinson’s disease	Spanish	Verb-framed language with rich verb vocabulary	Selective action-verb deficits	Birba et al.,¹¹ García et al.,¹⁰⁶ Møller et al.¹⁰⁷
Parkinson’s disease	Dutch	Satellite-framed language with fewer verbs	Non-selective action-verb deficits	Birba et al.,¹¹ García et al.,¹⁰⁶ Møller et al.¹⁰⁷
Behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia	No clear crosslinguistic contrast reported yet.

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only