The clinical and radiological characteristics of major differential diagnoses of CVT.
| . | Predisposing factors . | Headache . | Seizure . | Focal Neurologic Deficit . | Encephalopathy . | CT +/−contrast Findings . | MRI +/−Findings . | CTA/CTV/ MRA/MRV Findings . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVST [5, 7–10] | Pregnancy, OCP, thrombophilia, vasculitis, malignancy | 87%–90% | 24%–44% | 18%–46% | 13%–22% | Cord sign, Delta sign | Direct thrombosis, loss of flow void, restriction in DWI, Blooming in SWI | Loss of Flow in CTV/MRV |
| SAH [64, 65] | Aneurysm, AVM, trauma, | 70% | 6%–9% | 10% | 33% | Blood in sulci, parenchyma or ventricles | Blood in sulci, parenchyma or ventricle (FLAIR& SWI) | Aneurysm or AVMs |
| RVCS [66] | Migraine, vasoactive substances, dissection | 97% | 1%–17% | 8%–43% | Rare | Normal, rare infarct or hemorrhage | DWI: cortical and multifocal diffusion restriction, FLAIR: dot sign | Vasoconstriction |
| Arterial stroke [67–69] | HTN, DM, dyslipidemia, smoking | 6%–44% | 4% | Very common | 17% | Normal, infarction, hemorrhagic transformation | Diffusion restriction in DWI +/− hemorrhagic transformation in SWI | Normal or stenosis or occlusion |
| PRES [70] | Severe hypertension, medication, transplantation, preeclampsia/eclampsia | 50% | 60%–75% | 10%–15% | 50%–80% | Normal or vasogenic edema, hemorrhage in 10%–25% | Bilateral cortical subcortical occipito-parietal vasogenic edema | Vasoconstriction |
| Intracranial hypotension [71, 72] | Trauma, surgery | 99% | Very rare | Very rare | 3% | Mostly normal, subdural effusion | Pachymeningeal enhancement, engorgement of venous sinuses, effacement of suprasellar cistern, subdural fluid collection, effacement of the prepontine cisterns and reduced mamillopontine distance | Mostly normal |
| . | Predisposing factors . | Headache . | Seizure . | Focal Neurologic Deficit . | Encephalopathy . | CT +/−contrast Findings . | MRI +/−Findings . | CTA/CTV/ MRA/MRV Findings . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVST [5, 7–10] | Pregnancy, OCP, thrombophilia, vasculitis, malignancy | 87%–90% | 24%–44% | 18%–46% | 13%–22% | Cord sign, Delta sign | Direct thrombosis, loss of flow void, restriction in DWI, Blooming in SWI | Loss of Flow in CTV/MRV |
| SAH [64, 65] | Aneurysm, AVM, trauma, | 70% | 6%–9% | 10% | 33% | Blood in sulci, parenchyma or ventricles | Blood in sulci, parenchyma or ventricle (FLAIR& SWI) | Aneurysm or AVMs |
| RVCS [66] | Migraine, vasoactive substances, dissection | 97% | 1%–17% | 8%–43% | Rare | Normal, rare infarct or hemorrhage | DWI: cortical and multifocal diffusion restriction, FLAIR: dot sign | Vasoconstriction |
| Arterial stroke [67–69] | HTN, DM, dyslipidemia, smoking | 6%–44% | 4% | Very common | 17% | Normal, infarction, hemorrhagic transformation | Diffusion restriction in DWI +/− hemorrhagic transformation in SWI | Normal or stenosis or occlusion |
| PRES [70] | Severe hypertension, medication, transplantation, preeclampsia/eclampsia | 50% | 60%–75% | 10%–15% | 50%–80% | Normal or vasogenic edema, hemorrhage in 10%–25% | Bilateral cortical subcortical occipito-parietal vasogenic edema | Vasoconstriction |
| Intracranial hypotension [71, 72] | Trauma, surgery | 99% | Very rare | Very rare | 3% | Mostly normal, subdural effusion | Pachymeningeal enhancement, engorgement of venous sinuses, effacement of suprasellar cistern, subdural fluid collection, effacement of the prepontine cisterns and reduced mamillopontine distance | Mostly normal |
The clinical and radiological characteristics of major differential diagnoses of CVT.
| . | Predisposing factors . | Headache . | Seizure . | Focal Neurologic Deficit . | Encephalopathy . | CT +/−contrast Findings . | MRI +/−Findings . | CTA/CTV/ MRA/MRV Findings . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVST [5, 7–10] | Pregnancy, OCP, thrombophilia, vasculitis, malignancy | 87%–90% | 24%–44% | 18%–46% | 13%–22% | Cord sign, Delta sign | Direct thrombosis, loss of flow void, restriction in DWI, Blooming in SWI | Loss of Flow in CTV/MRV |
| SAH [64, 65] | Aneurysm, AVM, trauma, | 70% | 6%–9% | 10% | 33% | Blood in sulci, parenchyma or ventricles | Blood in sulci, parenchyma or ventricle (FLAIR& SWI) | Aneurysm or AVMs |
| RVCS [66] | Migraine, vasoactive substances, dissection | 97% | 1%–17% | 8%–43% | Rare | Normal, rare infarct or hemorrhage | DWI: cortical and multifocal diffusion restriction, FLAIR: dot sign | Vasoconstriction |
| Arterial stroke [67–69] | HTN, DM, dyslipidemia, smoking | 6%–44% | 4% | Very common | 17% | Normal, infarction, hemorrhagic transformation | Diffusion restriction in DWI +/− hemorrhagic transformation in SWI | Normal or stenosis or occlusion |
| PRES [70] | Severe hypertension, medication, transplantation, preeclampsia/eclampsia | 50% | 60%–75% | 10%–15% | 50%–80% | Normal or vasogenic edema, hemorrhage in 10%–25% | Bilateral cortical subcortical occipito-parietal vasogenic edema | Vasoconstriction |
| Intracranial hypotension [71, 72] | Trauma, surgery | 99% | Very rare | Very rare | 3% | Mostly normal, subdural effusion | Pachymeningeal enhancement, engorgement of venous sinuses, effacement of suprasellar cistern, subdural fluid collection, effacement of the prepontine cisterns and reduced mamillopontine distance | Mostly normal |
| . | Predisposing factors . | Headache . | Seizure . | Focal Neurologic Deficit . | Encephalopathy . | CT +/−contrast Findings . | MRI +/−Findings . | CTA/CTV/ MRA/MRV Findings . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVST [5, 7–10] | Pregnancy, OCP, thrombophilia, vasculitis, malignancy | 87%–90% | 24%–44% | 18%–46% | 13%–22% | Cord sign, Delta sign | Direct thrombosis, loss of flow void, restriction in DWI, Blooming in SWI | Loss of Flow in CTV/MRV |
| SAH [64, 65] | Aneurysm, AVM, trauma, | 70% | 6%–9% | 10% | 33% | Blood in sulci, parenchyma or ventricles | Blood in sulci, parenchyma or ventricle (FLAIR& SWI) | Aneurysm or AVMs |
| RVCS [66] | Migraine, vasoactive substances, dissection | 97% | 1%–17% | 8%–43% | Rare | Normal, rare infarct or hemorrhage | DWI: cortical and multifocal diffusion restriction, FLAIR: dot sign | Vasoconstriction |
| Arterial stroke [67–69] | HTN, DM, dyslipidemia, smoking | 6%–44% | 4% | Very common | 17% | Normal, infarction, hemorrhagic transformation | Diffusion restriction in DWI +/− hemorrhagic transformation in SWI | Normal or stenosis or occlusion |
| PRES [70] | Severe hypertension, medication, transplantation, preeclampsia/eclampsia | 50% | 60%–75% | 10%–15% | 50%–80% | Normal or vasogenic edema, hemorrhage in 10%–25% | Bilateral cortical subcortical occipito-parietal vasogenic edema | Vasoconstriction |
| Intracranial hypotension [71, 72] | Trauma, surgery | 99% | Very rare | Very rare | 3% | Mostly normal, subdural effusion | Pachymeningeal enhancement, engorgement of venous sinuses, effacement of suprasellar cistern, subdural fluid collection, effacement of the prepontine cisterns and reduced mamillopontine distance | Mostly normal |
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