Table 4 Open in new tab The purchasing...

Barcelona

Valencia

Madrid

Amsterdam

London

1651–1675

Grain wages (l)

9.73

9.42

12.54

17.66

12.33

Brown bread wages (kg)

7.43

7.31

9.33

9.60

8.48

Bread (kg)/grain (l) ratios

1.31

1.29

1.34

1.84

1.46

% daily wage to buy 1 kg bread

15,23

13,78

12,41

10,93

12,38

1676–1700

Grain wages (l)

8.44

9.29

13.83

21.51

13.17

Brown bread wages (kg)

6.67

7.11

9.97

10.04

8.79

Bread (kg)/grain (l) ratios

1.27

1.30

1.39

2.14

1.50

% daily wage to buy 1 kg bread

15,09

12,71

12,04

10,41

11,68

1701–1725

Grain wages (l)

7.24

8.33

13.42

22.04

15.98

Brown bread wages (kg)

5.76

6.43

10.71

10.23

10.51

Bread (kg)/grain (l) ratios

1.26

1.29

1.25

2.15

1.52

% daily wage to buy 1 kg bread

17,67

15,96

10,89

9,93

9,83

1726–1750

Grain wages (l)

7.29

7.81

11.19

24.57

20.00

Brown bread wages (kg)

6.38

6.07

8.73

10.98

11.56

Bread (kg)/grain (l) ratios

1.14

1.28

1.28

2.24

1.73

% daily wage to buy 1 kg bread

15,96

16,77

11,82

9,22

8,81

1751–1775

Grain wages (l)

5.80

6.40

7.95

21.11

15.07

Brown bread wages (kg)

5.11

5.09

6.35

10.59

10.15

Bread (kg)/grain (l) ratios

1.13

1.25

1.25

1.99

1.48

% daily wage to buy 1 kg bread

19,90

20,17

17,58

9,57

10,15

1776–1800

Grain wages (l)

5.80

5.13

6.43

17.42

11.70

Brown bread wages (kg)

6.40

4.15

5.30

8.97

8.95

Bread (kg)/grain (l) ratios

0.91

1.23

1.21

1.94

1.31

% daily wage to buy 1 kg bread

15,75

24,36

19,57

11,55

11,50

Table 4

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The purchasing power of urban unskilled wages in litres of grain and kg of bread

		Barcelona	Valencia	Madrid	Amsterdam	London
1651–1675	Grain wages (l)	9.73	9.42	12.54	17.66	12.33
	Brown bread wages (kg)	7.43	7.31	9.33	9.60	8.48
	Bread (kg)/grain (l) ratios	1.31	1.29	1.34	1.84	1.46
	*% daily wage to buy 1 kg bread*	*15,23*	13,78	*12,41*	*10,93*	*12,38*
1676–1700	Grain wages (l)	8.44	9.29	13.83	21.51	13.17
	Brown bread wages (kg)	6.67	7.11	9.97	10.04	8.79
	Bread (kg)/grain (l) ratios	1.27	1.30	1.39	2.14	1.50
	*% daily wage to buy 1 kg bread*	*15,09*	12,71	*12,04*	*10,41*	*11,68*
1701–1725	Grain wages (l)	7.24	8.33	13.42	22.04	15.98
	Brown bread wages (kg)	5.76	6.43	10.71	10.23	10.51
	Bread (kg)/grain (l) ratios	1.26	1.29	1.25	2.15	1.52
	*% daily wage to buy 1 kg bread*	*17,67*	15,96	*10,89*	*9,93*	*9,83*
1726–1750	Grain wages (l)	7.29	7.81	11.19	24.57	20.00
	Brown bread wages (kg)	6.38	6.07	8.73	10.98	11.56
	Bread (kg)/grain (l) ratios	1.14	1.28	1.28	2.24	1.73
	*% daily wage to buy 1 kg bread*	*15,96*	16,77	*11,82*	*9,22*	*8,81*
1751–1775	Grain wages (l)	5.80	6.40	7.95	21.11	15.07
	Brown bread wages (kg)	5.11	5.09	6.35	10.59	10.15
	Bread (kg)/grain (l) ratios	1.13	1.25	1.25	1.99	1.48
	*% daily wage to buy 1 kg bread*	*19,90*	20,17	*17,58*	*9,57*	*10,15*
1776–1800	Grain wages (l)	5.80	5.13	6.43	17.42	11.70
	Brown bread wages (kg)	6.40	4.15	5.30	8.97	8.95
	Bread (kg)/grain (l) ratios	0.91	1.23	1.21	1.94	1.31
	*% daily wage to buy 1 kg bread*	*15,75*	24,36	*19,57*	*11,55*	*11,50*

		Barcelona	Valencia	Madrid	Amsterdam	London
1651–1675	Grain wages (l)	9.73	9.42	12.54	17.66	12.33
	Brown bread wages (kg)	7.43	7.31	9.33	9.60	8.48
	Bread (kg)/grain (l) ratios	1.31	1.29	1.34	1.84	1.46
	*% daily wage to buy 1 kg bread*	*15,23*	13,78	*12,41*	*10,93*	*12,38*
1676–1700	Grain wages (l)	8.44	9.29	13.83	21.51	13.17
	Brown bread wages (kg)	6.67	7.11	9.97	10.04	8.79
	Bread (kg)/grain (l) ratios	1.27	1.30	1.39	2.14	1.50
	*% daily wage to buy 1 kg bread*	*15,09*	12,71	*12,04*	*10,41*	*11,68*
1701–1725	Grain wages (l)	7.24	8.33	13.42	22.04	15.98
	Brown bread wages (kg)	5.76	6.43	10.71	10.23	10.51
	Bread (kg)/grain (l) ratios	1.26	1.29	1.25	2.15	1.52
	*% daily wage to buy 1 kg bread*	*17,67*	15,96	*10,89*	*9,93*	*9,83*
1726–1750	Grain wages (l)	7.29	7.81	11.19	24.57	20.00
	Brown bread wages (kg)	6.38	6.07	8.73	10.98	11.56
	Bread (kg)/grain (l) ratios	1.14	1.28	1.28	2.24	1.73
	*% daily wage to buy 1 kg bread*	*15,96*	16,77	*11,82*	*9,22*	*8,81*
1751–1775	Grain wages (l)	5.80	6.40	7.95	21.11	15.07
	Brown bread wages (kg)	5.11	5.09	6.35	10.59	10.15
	Bread (kg)/grain (l) ratios	1.13	1.25	1.25	1.99	1.48
	*% daily wage to buy 1 kg bread*	*19,90*	20,17	*17,58*	*9,57*	*10,15*
1776–1800	Grain wages (l)	5.80	5.13	6.43	17.42	11.70
	Brown bread wages (kg)	6.40	4.15	5.30	8.97	8.95
	Bread (kg)/grain (l) ratios	0.91	1.23	1.21	1.94	1.31
	*% daily wage to buy 1 kg bread*	*15,75*	24,36	*19,57*	*11,55*	*11,50*

Sources: Online Appendix and dataset for this paper. Barcelona in Feliu (1991, pp. 23–56).

Notes: rye and rye bread in Amsterdam. Wheat and wheat brown bread in London, Madrid, Valencia and Barcelona.

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