Table 2. Open in new tab Model...

	Model 0	Model 1a	Model 1b	Model 1c	Model 2	Model 3^a
Intercept	0.60 [0.57–0.63]	0.55 [0.39–0.70]	0.56 [0.40–0.72]	0.55 [0.39–0.70]	0.56 [0.39–0.72]	.67 [0.51–0.82]
Distraction m. (between)		0.02 (.08) [−0.00–0.04]			0.01 (.05) [−0.01–0.04]	0.01 (.03) [−0.02–0.03]
Distraction m. (within)		0.02 (.10)*** [0.01–0.02]			0.01 (.08)*** [0.01–0.02]	0.01 (.07)*** [0.01–0.02]
Well-being m. (between)			0.02 (.09) [−0.00–0.03]		0.01 (.06) [−0.01–0.03]	0.01 (.04) [−0.01–0.03]
Well-being m. (within)			0.00 (.01) [−0.00–0.01]		−0.00 (−.01) [−0.00–0.00]	−0.00 (−.01) [−0.01–0.00]
Presence m. (between)				0.02 (.08) [−0.00–0.04]	0.02 (.07) [−0.01–0.04]	0.01 (.04) [−0.01–0.03]
Presence m. (within)				0.02 (.14)*** [0.02–0.03]	0.02 (.13)*** [0.02–0.02]	0.01 (.06)*** [0.00–0.01]
Age		0.00 (.01) [−0.00–0.01]	0.00 (.03) [−0.00–0.01]	0.00 (.04) [−0.00–0.01]	0.00 (.03) [−0.00–0.01]	0.00 (.01) [−0.00–0.01]
Gender: female^b		−0.04 (−.15) [−0.10–0.01]	−0.05 (−.17) [−0.11–0.01]	−0.04 (−.15) [−0.10–0.01]	−0.05 (−.07) [−0.11–0.01]	−0.02 (−.08) [−0.08–0.03]
Gender: nonbinary/other^b		0.22 (.72)* [0.02–0.41]	0.17 (.58) [−0.03–0.38]	0.19 (.63) [−0.01–0.39]	0.16 (.08) [−0.05–0.37]	0.23 (.76)* [0.04–0.42]
Time since start^c						0.01 (.05)*** [0.01–0.02]
Time of day^c						-0.00 (-.00) [−0.01–0.00]
Weekend^d						−0.01 (−.03) [−0.02–0.00]
Work media use						−0.00 (−.09*** [−0.00 – −0.00]
Leisure media use						−0.00 (−.22)*** [−0.00 – −0.00]
Random effects
σ²	.05	.05	.05	.05	.05	.04
ICC	.46	.48	.47	.48	.46	.52
Model fit
AIC	−397.23	−662.91	−501.54	−741.10	−947.69	−1,468.71
BIC	−376.52	−593.82	−432.50	−672.06	−844.14	−1,289.21
Log. Likelihood	201.62	341.45	260.77	380.55	488.85	760.35
p_{LRT m0}^e		< .001	< .001	< .001	< .001	< .001
R²_marg./R²_cond.	.00/.46	.04/.50	.03/.48	.04/.50	.06/.50	0.10/0.57

	Model 0	Model 1a	Model 1b	Model 1c	Model 2	Model 3^a
Intercept	0.60 [0.57–0.63]	0.55 [0.39–0.70]	0.56 [0.40–0.72]	0.55 [0.39–0.70]	0.56 [0.39–0.72]	.67 [0.51–0.82]
Distraction m. (between)		0.02 (.08) [−0.00–0.04]			0.01 (.05) [−0.01–0.04]	0.01 (.03) [−0.02–0.03]
Distraction m. (within)		0.02 (.10)*** [0.01–0.02]			0.01 (.08)*** [0.01–0.02]	0.01 (.07)*** [0.01–0.02]
Well-being m. (between)			0.02 (.09) [−0.00–0.03]		0.01 (.06) [−0.01–0.03]	0.01 (.04) [−0.01–0.03]
Well-being m. (within)			0.00 (.01) [−0.00–0.01]		−0.00 (−.01) [−0.00–0.00]	−0.00 (−.01) [−0.01–0.00]
Presence m. (between)				0.02 (.08) [−0.00–0.04]	0.02 (.07) [−0.01–0.04]	0.01 (.04) [−0.01–0.03]
Presence m. (within)				0.02 (.14)*** [0.02–0.03]	0.02 (.13)*** [0.02–0.02]	0.01 (.06)*** [0.00–0.01]
Age		0.00 (.01) [−0.00–0.01]	0.00 (.03) [−0.00–0.01]	0.00 (.04) [−0.00–0.01]	0.00 (.03) [−0.00–0.01]	0.00 (.01) [−0.00–0.01]
Gender: female^b		−0.04 (−.15) [−0.10–0.01]	−0.05 (−.17) [−0.11–0.01]	−0.04 (−.15) [−0.10–0.01]	−0.05 (−.07) [−0.11–0.01]	−0.02 (−.08) [−0.08–0.03]
Gender: nonbinary/other^b		0.22 (.72)* [0.02–0.41]	0.17 (.58) [−0.03–0.38]	0.19 (.63) [−0.01–0.39]	0.16 (.08) [−0.05–0.37]	0.23 (.76)* [0.04–0.42]
Time since start^c						0.01 (.05)*** [0.01–0.02]
Time of day^c						-0.00 (-.00) [−0.01–0.00]
Weekend^d						−0.01 (−.03) [−0.02–0.00]
Work media use						−0.00 (−.09*** [−0.00 – −0.00]
Leisure media use						−0.00 (−.22)*** [−0.00 – −0.00]
Random effects
σ²	.05	.05	.05	.05	.05	.04
ICC	.46	.48	.47	.48	.46	.52
Model fit
AIC	−397.23	−662.91	−501.54	−741.10	−947.69	−1,468.71
BIC	−376.52	−593.82	−432.50	−672.06	−844.14	−1,289.21
Log. Likelihood	201.62	341.45	260.77	380.55	488.85	760.35
p_{LRT m0}^e		< .001	< .001	< .001	< .001	< .001
R²_marg./R²_cond.	.00/.46	.04/.50	.03/.48	.04/.50	.06/.50	0.10/0.57

Table 2.

Model comparisons predicting disconnection from motivations within and between participants

	Model 0	Model 1a	Model 1b	Model 1c	Model 2	Model 3^a
Fixed effects	b (β)	b (β)	b (β)	b (β)	b (β)	b (β)
Fixed effects	[95% CI]	[95% CI]	[95% CI]	[95% CI]	[95% CI]	[95% CI]
Intercept	0.60 [0.57–0.63]	0.55 [0.39–0.70]	0.56 [0.40–0.72]	0.55 [0.39–0.70]	0.56 [0.39–0.72]	.67 [0.51–0.82]
Distraction m. (between)		0.02 (.08) [−0.00–0.04]			0.01 (.05) [−0.01–0.04]	0.01 (.03) [−0.02–0.03]
Distraction m. (within)		0.02 (.10)*** [0.01–0.02]			0.01 (.08)*** [0.01–0.02]	0.01 (.07)*** [0.01–0.02]
Well-being m. (between)			0.02 (.09) [−0.00–0.03]		0.01 (.06) [−0.01–0.03]	0.01 (.04) [−0.01–0.03]
Well-being m. (within)			0.00 (.01) [−0.00–0.01]		−0.00 (−.01) [−0.00–0.00]	−0.00 (−.01) [−0.01–0.00]
Presence m. (between)				0.02 (.08) [−0.00–0.04]	0.02 (.07) [−0.01–0.04]	0.01 (.04) [−0.01–0.03]
Presence m. (within)				0.02 (.14)*** [0.02–0.03]	0.02 (.13)*** [0.02–0.02]	0.01 (.06)*** [0.00–0.01]
Age		0.00 (.01) [−0.00–0.01]	0.00 (.03) [−0.00–0.01]	0.00 (.04) [−0.00–0.01]	0.00 (.03) [−0.00–0.01]	0.00 (.01) [−0.00–0.01]
Gender: female^b		−0.04 (−.15) [−0.10–0.01]	−0.05 (−.17) [−0.11–0.01]	−0.04 (−.15) [−0.10–0.01]	−0.05 (−.07) [−0.11–0.01]	−0.02 (−.08) [−0.08–0.03]
Gender: nonbinary/other^b		0.22 (.72)* [0.02–0.41]	0.17 (.58) [−0.03–0.38]	0.19 (.63) [−0.01–0.39]	0.16 (.08) [−0.05–0.37]	0.23 (.76)* [0.04–0.42]
Time since start^c						0.01 (.05)*** [0.01–0.02]
Time of day^c						-0.00 (-.00) [−0.01–0.00]
Weekend^d						−0.01 (−.03) [−0.02–0.00]
Work media use						−0.00 (−.09*** [−0.00 – −0.00]
Leisure media use						−0.00 (−.22)*** [−0.00 – −0.00]
Random effects
σ²	.05	.05	.05	.05	.05	.04
ICC	.46	.48	.47	.48	.46	.52
Model fit
AIC	−397.23	−662.91	−501.54	−741.10	−947.69	−1,468.71
BIC	−376.52	−593.82	−432.50	−672.06	−844.14	−1,289.21
Log. Likelihood	201.62	341.45	260.77	380.55	488.85	760.35
p_{LRT m0}^e		< .001	< .001	< .001	< .001	< .001
R²_marg./R²_cond.	.00/.46	.04/.50	.03/.48	.04/.50	.06/.50	0.10/0.57

	Model 0	Model 1a	Model 1b	Model 1c	Model 2	Model 3^a
Fixed effects	b (β)	b (β)	b (β)	b (β)	b (β)	b (β)
Fixed effects	[95% CI]	[95% CI]	[95% CI]	[95% CI]	[95% CI]	[95% CI]
Intercept	0.60 [0.57–0.63]	0.55 [0.39–0.70]	0.56 [0.40–0.72]	0.55 [0.39–0.70]	0.56 [0.39–0.72]	.67 [0.51–0.82]
Distraction m. (between)		0.02 (.08) [−0.00–0.04]			0.01 (.05) [−0.01–0.04]	0.01 (.03) [−0.02–0.03]
Distraction m. (within)		0.02 (.10)*** [0.01–0.02]			0.01 (.08)*** [0.01–0.02]	0.01 (.07)*** [0.01–0.02]
Well-being m. (between)			0.02 (.09) [−0.00–0.03]		0.01 (.06) [−0.01–0.03]	0.01 (.04) [−0.01–0.03]
Well-being m. (within)			0.00 (.01) [−0.00–0.01]		−0.00 (−.01) [−0.00–0.00]	−0.00 (−.01) [−0.01–0.00]
Presence m. (between)				0.02 (.08) [−0.00–0.04]	0.02 (.07) [−0.01–0.04]	0.01 (.04) [−0.01–0.03]
Presence m. (within)				0.02 (.14)*** [0.02–0.03]	0.02 (.13)*** [0.02–0.02]	0.01 (.06)*** [0.00–0.01]
Age		0.00 (.01) [−0.00–0.01]	0.00 (.03) [−0.00–0.01]	0.00 (.04) [−0.00–0.01]	0.00 (.03) [−0.00–0.01]	0.00 (.01) [−0.00–0.01]
Gender: female^b		−0.04 (−.15) [−0.10–0.01]	−0.05 (−.17) [−0.11–0.01]	−0.04 (−.15) [−0.10–0.01]	−0.05 (−.07) [−0.11–0.01]	−0.02 (−.08) [−0.08–0.03]
Gender: nonbinary/other^b		0.22 (.72)* [0.02–0.41]	0.17 (.58) [−0.03–0.38]	0.19 (.63) [−0.01–0.39]	0.16 (.08) [−0.05–0.37]	0.23 (.76)* [0.04–0.42]
Time since start^c						0.01 (.05)*** [0.01–0.02]
Time of day^c						-0.00 (-.00) [−0.01–0.00]
Weekend^d						−0.01 (−.03) [−0.02–0.00]
Work media use						−0.00 (−.09*** [−0.00 – −0.00]
Leisure media use						−0.00 (−.22)*** [−0.00 – −0.00]
Random effects
σ²	.05	.05	.05	.05	.05	.04
ICC	.46	.48	.47	.48	.46	.52
Model fit
AIC	−397.23	−662.91	−501.54	−741.10	−947.69	−1,468.71
BIC	−376.52	−593.82	−432.50	−672.06	−844.14	−1,289.21
Log. Likelihood	201.62	341.45	260.77	380.55	488.85	760.35
p_{LRT m0}^e		< .001	< .001	< .001	< .001	< .001
R²_marg./R²_cond.	.00/.46	.04/.50	.03/.48	.04/.50	.06/.50	0.10/0.57

Notes. Unstandardized regression coefficients with 95% CIs in square brackets and standardized coefficients in parentheses. Bold values represent statistically significant associations.

p < .05,

p < .01,

***

p < .001, m. = motivation, N = 230, T = 7,360.

Additional controls in Model 3 constitute a non-pre-registered robustness check.

Dummy coded, male gender is the reference category.

Time variables were z-scaled.

Dummy coded, weekday is the reference category.

p-value for likelihood ratio test comparing model to the null model.

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