Table 1 Open in new tab Study...

Author, year	Country	Surgery type	Cognitive test	POCD assessment (day after surgery)	POD assessment (%, day after surgery, tools)	Age (years)	Study size	Outcomes
Cardiac surgery
Boodhwani, 2006 [46]	Canada	Cardiac (on-pump CABG)	NP test	7	NA	68.3	448	LOS
Hogue_1, 2008 [34]	USA	Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)	NP test	30	NA	70	174	Function (180-day Modified Lawton’s Scale)
Hogue, 2008 [48]	USA	Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)	NP test	30	NA	70	174	LOS
Liu, 2009 [45]	China	Cardiac (on-/off-pump CABG)	NP test	7	NA	60	227	LOS
Norkiene, 2010 [49]	Lithuania	Cardiac (on-pump CABG)	NP test	7	6.3%, NM, DSM IV	60.9	127	LOS
Toeg, 2013 [41]	Canada	Cardiac (on-pump CABG)	NP test	90	NA	64.4	696	Mortality (90 days), LOS
Benvenuti, 2014 [25]	Italy	Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)	NP test	7, 90	NA	63.8	79	Function (90-day Adjusted Lawton Score)
Evered, 2016 [6]	Australia	Cardiac (on-/off-pump CABG)	NP test	90, 365	NA	68.0	326	Mortality (7.5 years), dementia (7.5 years)
Hayashi, 2018 [43]	Japan	Cardiac (on-pump CABG, cardiac valve replacement and thoracic aortic surgery)	MMSE	14	NA	71.4	204	LOS
Momeni, 2019 [42]	Belgium	Cardiac (on-/off-pump CABG and TAVI)	MMSE	5	20%, NM, Validated chart review method	67.7	1513	Mortality (180 days), LOS
Tarasova, 2020 [32]	Russia	Cardiac (CABG)	NP test	365	NA	57.3	100	Function (1-year SF-36)
Noncardiac surgery
Rodriguez, 2005 [47]	Canada	Noncardiac (TKA)	NP test	7, 90	6.5%, NM, CAM	69	31	LOS
Monk, 2008 [4]	USA	Noncardiac (47% abdominal or thoracic, 39% orthopaedic)	NP test	7, 90	3.3%, Day 1–7, CAM	50.6	1064	Function (90-day IADL questionnaire), Mortality (1 year), LOS
Steinmetz, 2009 [5]	Denmark	Noncardiac (56% abdominal, 20% orthopaedic)	NP test	7, 90	NA	67.3	701	Mortality (8.4 years)
Steinmetz, 2013 [50]	Denmark	Noncardiac (56% abdominal, 20% orthopaedic)	NP test	7, 90	NA	67.3	686	Dementia (10 years)
Krenk, 2014 [44]	Denmark	Noncardiac (THA and TKA)	NP test	12	-%, Day 1–3, DSM IV	68.3	225	LOS
Franck, 2016 [40]	Germany	Noncardiac (38% abdominal or thoracic, 29% orthopaedic)	NP test	7, 90	32.9%, Day 0–7, DSM IV-TR	69.6	850	Mortality (90 days), LOS
Borges, 2017 [33]	Portugal	Noncardiac (49% abdominal, 15% plastic)	MoCA	90	NA	63.7	41	Function (90-day SF-36)
Deiner, 2021 [7]	USA	Noncardiac (43% spine, 29% general)	NP test	90	25.3%, NM, CAM-ICU	70	167	Function (90-day ADCS-ADL-MCI), LOS
Mixed cardiac and noncardiac surgeries
Suraarunsumrit, 2022 [8]	Thailand	Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)	MoCA	7	20.4%, Day 1–7, DSM-5	69.9	119	Function (90-day Lawton–Brody-IADL), mortality (90 days), LOS
Noncardiac (42% orthopaedic, 27.3% abdominal)	MoCA	7	6.6%, Day 1–7, DSM-5	75.7	88	Function (90-day Lawton–Brody-IADL), mortality (90 days), LOS

Author, year

Country

Surgery type

Cognitive test

POCD assessment (day after surgery)

POD assessment (%, day after surgery, tools)

Age (years)

Study size

Outcomes

Cardiac surgery

Boodhwani, 2006 [46]

Canada

Cardiac (on-pump CABG)

NP test

68.3

448

LOS

Hogue_1, 2008 [34]

USA

Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)

NP test

174

Function (180-day Modified Lawton’s Scale)

Hogue, 2008 [48]

USA

Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)

NP test

174

LOS

Liu, 2009 [45]

China

Cardiac (on-/off-pump CABG)

NP test

227

LOS

Norkiene, 2010 [49]

Lithuania

Cardiac (on-pump CABG)

NP test

6.3%, NM,
DSM IV

60.9

127

LOS

Toeg, 2013 [41]

Canada

Cardiac (on-pump CABG)

NP test

64.4

696

Mortality (90 days),
LOS

Benvenuti, 2014 [25]

Italy

Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)

NP test

7, 90

63.8

Function (90-day Adjusted Lawton Score)

Evered, 2016 [6]

Australia

Cardiac (on-/off-pump CABG)

NP test

90, 365

68.0

326

Mortality (7.5 years),
dementia (7.5 years)

Hayashi, 2018 [43]

Japan

Cardiac (on-pump CABG, cardiac valve replacement and thoracic aortic surgery)

MMSE

71.4

204

LOS

Momeni, 2019 [42]

Belgium

Cardiac (on-/off-pump CABG and TAVI)

MMSE

20%, NM, Validated chart review method

67.7

1513

Mortality (180 days), LOS

Tarasova, 2020 [32]

Russia

Cardiac (CABG)

NP test

365

57.3

100

Function (1-year SF-36)

Noncardiac surgery

Rodriguez, 2005 [47]

Canada

Noncardiac (TKA)

NP test

7, 90

6.5%, NM, CAM

LOS

Monk, 2008 [4]

USA

Noncardiac (47% abdominal or thoracic, 39% orthopaedic)

NP test

7, 90

3.3%, Day 1–7, CAM

50.6

1064

Function (90-day IADL questionnaire),
Mortality (1 year), LOS

Steinmetz, 2009 [5]

Denmark

Noncardiac (56% abdominal, 20% orthopaedic)

NP test

7, 90

67.3

701

Mortality (8.4 years)

Steinmetz, 2013 [50]

Denmark

Noncardiac (56% abdominal, 20% orthopaedic)

NP test

7, 90

67.3

686

Dementia (10 years)

Krenk, 2014 [44]

Denmark

Noncardiac (THA and TKA)

NP test

-%, Day 1–3, DSM IV

68.3

225

LOS

Franck, 2016 [40]

Germany

Noncardiac (38% abdominal or thoracic, 29% orthopaedic)

NP test

7, 90

32.9%, Day 0–7, DSM IV-TR

69.6

850

Mortality (90 days), LOS

Borges, 2017 [33]

Portugal

Noncardiac (49% abdominal, 15% plastic)

MoCA

63.7

Function (90-day SF-36)

Deiner, 2021 [7]

USA

Noncardiac (43% spine, 29% general)

NP test

25.3%, NM, CAM-ICU

167

Function (90-day ADCS-ADL-MCI), LOS

Mixed cardiac and noncardiac surgeries

Suraarunsumrit, 2022 [8]

Thailand

Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)

MoCA

20.4%, Day 1–7, DSM-5

69.9

119

Function (90-day Lawton–Brody-IADL), mortality (90 days), LOS

Noncardiac (42% orthopaedic, 27.3% abdominal)

MoCA

6.6%, Day 1–7, DSM-5

75.7

Function (90-day Lawton–Brody-IADL), mortality (90 days), LOS

Author, year	Country	Surgery type	Cognitive test	POCD assessment (day after surgery)	POD assessment (%, day after surgery, tools)	Age (years)	Study size	Outcomes
Cardiac surgery
Boodhwani, 2006 [46]	Canada	Cardiac (on-pump CABG)	NP test	7	NA	68.3	448	LOS
Hogue_1, 2008 [34]	USA	Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)	NP test	30	NA	70	174	Function (180-day Modified Lawton’s Scale)
Hogue, 2008 [48]	USA	Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)	NP test	30	NA	70	174	LOS
Liu, 2009 [45]	China	Cardiac (on-/off-pump CABG)	NP test	7	NA	60	227	LOS
Norkiene, 2010 [49]	Lithuania	Cardiac (on-pump CABG)	NP test	7	6.3%, NM, DSM IV	60.9	127	LOS
Toeg, 2013 [41]	Canada	Cardiac (on-pump CABG)	NP test	90	NA	64.4	696	Mortality (90 days), LOS
Benvenuti, 2014 [25]	Italy	Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)	NP test	7, 90	NA	63.8	79	Function (90-day Adjusted Lawton Score)
Evered, 2016 [6]	Australia	Cardiac (on-/off-pump CABG)	NP test	90, 365	NA	68.0	326	Mortality (7.5 years), dementia (7.5 years)
Hayashi, 2018 [43]	Japan	Cardiac (on-pump CABG, cardiac valve replacement and thoracic aortic surgery)	MMSE	14	NA	71.4	204	LOS
Momeni, 2019 [42]	Belgium	Cardiac (on-/off-pump CABG and TAVI)	MMSE	5	20%, NM, Validated chart review method	67.7	1513	Mortality (180 days), LOS
Tarasova, 2020 [32]	Russia	Cardiac (CABG)	NP test	365	NA	57.3	100	Function (1-year SF-36)
Noncardiac surgery
Rodriguez, 2005 [47]	Canada	Noncardiac (TKA)	NP test	7, 90	6.5%, NM, CAM	69	31	LOS
Monk, 2008 [4]	USA	Noncardiac (47% abdominal or thoracic, 39% orthopaedic)	NP test	7, 90	3.3%, Day 1–7, CAM	50.6	1064	Function (90-day IADL questionnaire), Mortality (1 year), LOS
Steinmetz, 2009 [5]	Denmark	Noncardiac (56% abdominal, 20% orthopaedic)	NP test	7, 90	NA	67.3	701	Mortality (8.4 years)
Steinmetz, 2013 [50]	Denmark	Noncardiac (56% abdominal, 20% orthopaedic)	NP test	7, 90	NA	67.3	686	Dementia (10 years)
Krenk, 2014 [44]	Denmark	Noncardiac (THA and TKA)	NP test	12	-%, Day 1–3, DSM IV	68.3	225	LOS
Franck, 2016 [40]	Germany	Noncardiac (38% abdominal or thoracic, 29% orthopaedic)	NP test	7, 90	32.9%, Day 0–7, DSM IV-TR	69.6	850	Mortality (90 days), LOS
Borges, 2017 [33]	Portugal	Noncardiac (49% abdominal, 15% plastic)	MoCA	90	NA	63.7	41	Function (90-day SF-36)
Deiner, 2021 [7]	USA	Noncardiac (43% spine, 29% general)	NP test	90	25.3%, NM, CAM-ICU	70	167	Function (90-day ADCS-ADL-MCI), LOS
Mixed cardiac and noncardiac surgeries
Suraarunsumrit, 2022 [8]	Thailand	Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)	MoCA	7	20.4%, Day 1–7, DSM-5	69.9	119	Function (90-day Lawton–Brody-IADL), mortality (90 days), LOS
Noncardiac (42% orthopaedic, 27.3% abdominal)	MoCA	7	6.6%, Day 1–7, DSM-5	75.7	88	Function (90-day Lawton–Brody-IADL), mortality (90 days), LOS

Author, year

Country

Surgery type

Cognitive test

POCD assessment (day after surgery)

POD assessment (%, day after surgery, tools)

Age (years)

Study size

Outcomes

Cardiac surgery

Boodhwani, 2006 [46]

Canada

Cardiac (on-pump CABG)

NP test

68.3

448

LOS

Hogue_1, 2008 [34]

USA

Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)

NP test

174

Function (180-day Modified Lawton’s Scale)

Hogue, 2008 [48]

USA

Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)

NP test

174

LOS

Liu, 2009 [45]

China

Cardiac (on-/off-pump CABG)

NP test

227

LOS

Norkiene, 2010 [49]

Lithuania

Cardiac (on-pump CABG)

NP test

6.3%, NM,
DSM IV

60.9

127

LOS

Toeg, 2013 [41]

Canada

Cardiac (on-pump CABG)

NP test

64.4

696

Mortality (90 days),
LOS

Benvenuti, 2014 [25]

Italy

Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)

NP test

7, 90

63.8

Function (90-day Adjusted Lawton Score)

Evered, 2016 [6]

Australia

Cardiac (on-/off-pump CABG)

NP test

90, 365

68.0

326

Mortality (7.5 years),
dementia (7.5 years)

Hayashi, 2018 [43]

Japan

Cardiac (on-pump CABG, cardiac valve replacement and thoracic aortic surgery)

MMSE

71.4

204

LOS

Momeni, 2019 [42]

Belgium

Cardiac (on-/off-pump CABG and TAVI)

MMSE

20%, NM, Validated chart review method

67.7

1513

Mortality (180 days), LOS

Tarasova, 2020 [32]

Russia

Cardiac (CABG)

NP test

365

57.3

100

Function (1-year SF-36)

Noncardiac surgery

Rodriguez, 2005 [47]

Canada

Noncardiac (TKA)

NP test

7, 90

6.5%, NM, CAM

LOS

Monk, 2008 [4]

USA

Noncardiac (47% abdominal or thoracic, 39% orthopaedic)

NP test

7, 90

3.3%, Day 1–7, CAM

50.6

1064

Function (90-day IADL questionnaire),
Mortality (1 year), LOS

Steinmetz, 2009 [5]

Denmark

Noncardiac (56% abdominal, 20% orthopaedic)

NP test

7, 90

67.3

701

Mortality (8.4 years)

Steinmetz, 2013 [50]

Denmark

Noncardiac (56% abdominal, 20% orthopaedic)

NP test

7, 90

67.3

686

Dementia (10 years)

Krenk, 2014 [44]

Denmark

Noncardiac (THA and TKA)

NP test

-%, Day 1–3, DSM IV

68.3

225

LOS

Franck, 2016 [40]

Germany

Noncardiac (38% abdominal or thoracic, 29% orthopaedic)

NP test

7, 90

32.9%, Day 0–7, DSM IV-TR

69.6

850

Mortality (90 days), LOS

Borges, 2017 [33]

Portugal

Noncardiac (49% abdominal, 15% plastic)

MoCA

63.7

Function (90-day SF-36)

Deiner, 2021 [7]

USA

Noncardiac (43% spine, 29% general)

NP test

25.3%, NM, CAM-ICU

167

Function (90-day ADCS-ADL-MCI), LOS

Mixed cardiac and noncardiac surgeries

Suraarunsumrit, 2022 [8]

Thailand

Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)

MoCA

20.4%, Day 1–7, DSM-5

69.9

119

Function (90-day Lawton–Brody-IADL), mortality (90 days), LOS

Noncardiac (42% orthopaedic, 27.3% abdominal)

MoCA

6.6%, Day 1–7, DSM-5

75.7

Function (90-day Lawton–Brody-IADL), mortality (90 days), LOS

Table 1

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Study characteristics

Author, year	Country	Surgery type	Cognitive test	POCD assessment (day after surgery)	POD assessment (%, day after surgery, tools)	Age (years)	Study size	Outcomes
Cardiac surgery
Boodhwani, 2006 [46]	Canada	Cardiac (on-pump CABG)	NP test	7	NA	68.3	448	LOS
Hogue_1, 2008 [34]	USA	Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)	NP test	30	NA	70	174	Function (180-day Modified Lawton’s Scale)
Hogue, 2008 [48]	USA	Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)	NP test	30	NA	70	174	LOS
Liu, 2009 [45]	China	Cardiac (on-/off-pump CABG)	NP test	7	NA	60	227	LOS
Norkiene, 2010 [49]	Lithuania	Cardiac (on-pump CABG)	NP test	7	6.3%, NM, DSM IV	60.9	127	LOS
Toeg, 2013 [41]	Canada	Cardiac (on-pump CABG)	NP test	90	NA	64.4	696	Mortality (90 days), LOS
Benvenuti, 2014 [25]	Italy	Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)	NP test	7, 90	NA	63.8	79	Function (90-day Adjusted Lawton Score)
Evered, 2016 [6]	Australia	Cardiac (on-/off-pump CABG)	NP test	90, 365	NA	68.0	326	Mortality (7.5 years), dementia (7.5 years)
Hayashi, 2018 [43]	Japan	Cardiac (on-pump CABG, cardiac valve replacement and thoracic aortic surgery)	MMSE	14	NA	71.4	204	LOS
Momeni, 2019 [42]	Belgium	Cardiac (on-/off-pump CABG and TAVI)	MMSE	5	20%, NM, Validated chart review method	67.7	1513	Mortality (180 days), LOS
Tarasova, 2020 [32]	Russia	Cardiac (CABG)	NP test	365	NA	57.3	100	Function (1-year SF-36)
Noncardiac surgery
Rodriguez, 2005 [47]	Canada	Noncardiac (TKA)	NP test	7, 90	6.5%, NM, CAM	69	31	LOS
Monk, 2008 [4]	USA	Noncardiac (47% abdominal or thoracic, 39% orthopaedic)	NP test	7, 90	3.3%, Day 1–7, CAM	50.6	1064	Function (90-day IADL questionnaire), Mortality (1 year), LOS
Steinmetz, 2009 [5]	Denmark	Noncardiac (56% abdominal, 20% orthopaedic)	NP test	7, 90	NA	67.3	701	Mortality (8.4 years)
Steinmetz, 2013 [50]	Denmark	Noncardiac (56% abdominal, 20% orthopaedic)	NP test	7, 90	NA	67.3	686	Dementia (10 years)
Krenk, 2014 [44]	Denmark	Noncardiac (THA and TKA)	NP test	12	-%, Day 1–3, DSM IV	68.3	225	LOS
Franck, 2016 [40]	Germany	Noncardiac (38% abdominal or thoracic, 29% orthopaedic)	NP test	7, 90	32.9%, Day 0–7, DSM IV-TR	69.6	850	Mortality (90 days), LOS
Borges, 2017 [33]	Portugal	Noncardiac (49% abdominal, 15% plastic)	MoCA	90	NA	63.7	41	Function (90-day SF-36)
Deiner, 2021 [7]	USA	Noncardiac (43% spine, 29% general)	NP test	90	25.3%, NM, CAM-ICU	70	167	Function (90-day ADCS-ADL-MCI), LOS
Mixed cardiac and noncardiac surgeries
Suraarunsumrit, 2022 [8]	Thailand	Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)	MoCA	7	20.4%, Day 1–7, DSM-5	69.9	119	Function (90-day Lawton–Brody-IADL), mortality (90 days), LOS
Suraarunsumrit, 2022 [8]	Thailand	Noncardiac (42% orthopaedic, 27.3% abdominal)	MoCA	7	6.6%, Day 1–7, DSM-5	75.7	88	Function (90-day Lawton–Brody-IADL), mortality (90 days), LOS

Author, year	Country	Surgery type	Cognitive test	POCD assessment (day after surgery)	POD assessment (%, day after surgery, tools)	Age (years)	Study size	Outcomes
Cardiac surgery
Boodhwani, 2006 [46]	Canada	Cardiac (on-pump CABG)	NP test	7	NA	68.3	448	LOS
Hogue_1, 2008 [34]	USA	Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)	NP test	30	NA	70	174	Function (180-day Modified Lawton’s Scale)
Hogue, 2008 [48]	USA	Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)	NP test	30	NA	70	174	LOS
Liu, 2009 [45]	China	Cardiac (on-/off-pump CABG)	NP test	7	NA	60	227	LOS
Norkiene, 2010 [49]	Lithuania	Cardiac (on-pump CABG)	NP test	7	6.3%, NM, DSM IV	60.9	127	LOS
Toeg, 2013 [41]	Canada	Cardiac (on-pump CABG)	NP test	90	NA	64.4	696	Mortality (90 days), LOS
Benvenuti, 2014 [25]	Italy	Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)	NP test	7, 90	NA	63.8	79	Function (90-day Adjusted Lawton Score)
Evered, 2016 [6]	Australia	Cardiac (on-/off-pump CABG)	NP test	90, 365	NA	68.0	326	Mortality (7.5 years), dementia (7.5 years)
Hayashi, 2018 [43]	Japan	Cardiac (on-pump CABG, cardiac valve replacement and thoracic aortic surgery)	MMSE	14	NA	71.4	204	LOS
Momeni, 2019 [42]	Belgium	Cardiac (on-/off-pump CABG and TAVI)	MMSE	5	20%, NM, Validated chart review method	67.7	1513	Mortality (180 days), LOS
Tarasova, 2020 [32]	Russia	Cardiac (CABG)	NP test	365	NA	57.3	100	Function (1-year SF-36)
Noncardiac surgery
Rodriguez, 2005 [47]	Canada	Noncardiac (TKA)	NP test	7, 90	6.5%, NM, CAM	69	31	LOS
Monk, 2008 [4]	USA	Noncardiac (47% abdominal or thoracic, 39% orthopaedic)	NP test	7, 90	3.3%, Day 1–7, CAM	50.6	1064	Function (90-day IADL questionnaire), Mortality (1 year), LOS
Steinmetz, 2009 [5]	Denmark	Noncardiac (56% abdominal, 20% orthopaedic)	NP test	7, 90	NA	67.3	701	Mortality (8.4 years)
Steinmetz, 2013 [50]	Denmark	Noncardiac (56% abdominal, 20% orthopaedic)	NP test	7, 90	NA	67.3	686	Dementia (10 years)
Krenk, 2014 [44]	Denmark	Noncardiac (THA and TKA)	NP test	12	-%, Day 1–3, DSM IV	68.3	225	LOS
Franck, 2016 [40]	Germany	Noncardiac (38% abdominal or thoracic, 29% orthopaedic)	NP test	7, 90	32.9%, Day 0–7, DSM IV-TR	69.6	850	Mortality (90 days), LOS
Borges, 2017 [33]	Portugal	Noncardiac (49% abdominal, 15% plastic)	MoCA	90	NA	63.7	41	Function (90-day SF-36)
Deiner, 2021 [7]	USA	Noncardiac (43% spine, 29% general)	NP test	90	25.3%, NM, CAM-ICU	70	167	Function (90-day ADCS-ADL-MCI), LOS
Mixed cardiac and noncardiac surgeries
Suraarunsumrit, 2022 [8]	Thailand	Cardiac (on-pump CABG and cardiac valve replacement)	MoCA	7	20.4%, Day 1–7, DSM-5	69.9	119	Function (90-day Lawton–Brody-IADL), mortality (90 days), LOS
Suraarunsumrit, 2022 [8]	Thailand	Noncardiac (42% orthopaedic, 27.3% abdominal)	MoCA	7	6.6%, Day 1–7, DSM-5	75.7	88	Function (90-day Lawton–Brody-IADL), mortality (90 days), LOS

All are prospective cohort studies; ADCS-ADL-MCI, Alzheimer’s disease cooperative study/activities of daily living scale, adapted for patients with mild cognitive impairment; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CAM, Confusion Assessment Method; CAM-ICU, Confusion Assessment Method for the intensive care unit; DSM IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition; DSM IV-TR, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision; DSM-5, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition; IADL, Instrumental activities of daily living; LOS, length of hospital stay; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination score; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test; NA, not available data; NM, not mentioned postoperative day; NP test, neuropsychological test battery; POCD, postoperative cognitive dysfunction; RCI, reliable change index methods; SD, standard deviation; SF-36, 36-Item Short Form Survey; TAVI, transcatheter aortic valve implantation; THA, total hip arthroplasty; TKA, total knee arthroplasty.

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