Table 1: Open in new tab Clinical...

Variable

Overall N = 1310

DH (≤20°C) N = 224

LMH (20.1–24°C) N = 505

HMH (24.1–28°C) N = 433

MH (>28°C) N = 148

P value*

Baseline characteristics

Age (years), mean (SD)

46.67 (10.34)

47.75 (9.40)

46.09 (11.13)

46.84 (10.22)

46.49 (10.34)

0.217

Body mass index (kg/m²), mean (SD)

26.03 (4.57)

25.66 (5.26)

25.60 (4.26)

26.41 (4.66)^b

27.10 (3.92)^a^,^b

<0.001

Male sex, n (%)

1026 (78.3)

159 (71.0)

398 (78.8)

338 (78.1)

131 (88.5)^a^,^b^,^c

0.001

Time interval between onset and admission (days), median [IQR]

2.00 [0.83, 7.00]

3.00 [1.00, 7.00]

3.00 [1.00, 12.00]

1.00 [0.46, 5.00]^a^,^b

0.79 [0.33, 4.00]^a^,^b^,^c

<0.001

Acute, n (%)

1096 (83.7)

201 (89.7)

391 (77.4)^a

370 (85.5)^b

134 (90.5)^b

<0.001

Chest pain, n (%)

1101 (84.0)

201 (89.7)

415 (82.2)

370 (85.5)

115 (77.7)^a

0.007

Marfan syndrome, n (%)

137 (10.5)

22 (9.8)

76 (15.0)

32 (7.4)^b

7 (4.7)^b

<0.001

Smoking, n (%)

567 (43.3)

87 (38.8)

206 (40.8)

188 (43.4)

86 (58.1)^a^,^b^,^c

0.001

Alcohol addiction, n (%)

134 (10.2)

19 (8.5)

37 (7.3)

46 (10.6)

32 (21.6)^a^,^b^,^c

<0.001

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

36 (2.7)

5 (2.2)

10 (2.0)

17 (3.9)

4 (2.7)

0.326

Hypertension, n (%)

1026 (78.3)

163 (72.8)

367 (72.7)

359 (82.9)^a^,^b

137 (92.6)^a^,^b^,^c

<0.001

Hyperlipaemia, n (%)

181 (13.8)

21 (9.4)

77 (15.2)^a

70 (16.2)^a

13 (8.8)

0.019

Coronary artery disease, n (%)

37 (2.8)

7 (3.1)

12 (2.4)

11 (2.5)

7 (4.7)

0.451

NYHA ≥3, n (%)

48 (3.7)

3 (1.3)

6 (1.2)

32 (7.4)^a^,^b

7 (4.7)^b

<0.001

Chronic kidney disease, n (%)

47 (3.6)

9 (4.0)

23 (4.6)

13 (3.0)

2 (1.4)

0.260

COPD, n (%)

9 (0.7)

2 (0.9)

3 (0.6)

3 (0.7)

1 (0.7)

0.961

Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)

32 (2.4)

9 (4.0)

14 (2.8)

6 (1.4)

3 (2.0)

0.188

Family history of aortic disease, n (%)

26 (2.0)

4 (1.8)

18 (3.6)

3 (0.7)^b

1 (0.7)

0.010

History of cardiovascular surgery, n (%)

60 (4.6)

11 (4.9)

28 (5.5)

18 (4.2)

3 (2.0)

0.319

History of TEVAR, n (%)

33 (2.5)

1 (0.4)

14 (2.8)

10 (2.3)

8 (5.4)^a

0.023

History of PCI, n (%)

8 (0.6)

2 (0.9)

2 (0.4)

4 (0.9)

0 (0.0)

0.612

Preoperative lowest ejection fraction (%), mean (SD)

59.96 (5.30)

59.75 (5.68)

59.67 (5.60)

60.15 (4.94)

60.68 (4.60)

0.120

Aortic insufficiency, n (%)^d

512 (39.1)

88 (39.3)

215 (42.6)

165 (38.1)

44 (29.7)^b

0.041

Pericardial effusion, n (%)^e

51 (3.9)

3 (1.3)

20 (4.0)

20 (4.6)

8 (5.4)

0.099

Preoperative highest WBC (×10⁹/l), median [IQR]

10.98 [8.36, 13.80]

10.81 [8.37, 13.83]

10.68 [7.79, 13.33]

11.22 [8.55, 14.00]

12.00 [9.96, 14.74]^a^,^b

<0.001

Preoperative lowest platelet (×10⁹/l), median [IQR]

176.00 [141.00, 222.00]

167.00 [129.00, 211.00]

174.00 [142.00, 220.00]

182.00 [141.00, 225.00]

183.00 [151.00, 227.25]^a

0.016

Preoperative lowest haemoglobin (g/l), mean (SD)

133.39 (19.35)

129.31 (19.07)

131.76 (21.10)

135.23 (17.20)^a^,^b

139.75 (17.37)^a^,^b

<0.001

TEM-E, n (%)

<0.001

TEM-E0

75 (5.7)

12 (5.4)

34 (6.7)

19 (4.4)

10 (6.8)

TEM-E1

782 (59.7)

171 (76.3)

356 (70.5)

203 (46.9)^a^,^b

52 (35.1)^a^,^b

TEM-E2

394 (30.1)

40 (17.9)

104 (20.6)

182 (42.0)^a^,^b

68 (45.9)^a^,^b

TEM-E3

59 (4.5)

1 (0.4)

11 (2.2)

29 (6.7)^a^,^b

18 (12.2)^a^,^b

TEM-M0, n (%)

218 (16.6)

34 (15.2)

91 (18.0)

68 (15.7)

25 (16.9)

0.734

TEM-M1, n (%)

248 (18.9)

50 (22.3)

92 (18.2)

83 (19.2)

23 (15.5)

0.395

TEM-M2, n (%)

823 (62.8)

171 (76.3)

344 (68.1)

242 (55.9)^a^,^b

66 (44.6)^a^,^b

<0.001

TEM-M3, n (%)

572 (43.7)

79 (35.3)

215 (42.6)

204 (47.1)^a

74 (50.0)^a

0.011

Operative conditions

Emergency, n (%)

932 (71.1)

150 (67.0)

323 (64.0)

337 (77.8)^a^,^b

122 (82.4)^a^,^b

<0.001

Root surgery, n (%)

<0.001

Root sparing

913 (69.7)

139 (62.1)

339 (67.1)

309 (71.4)

126 (85.1)^a^,^b^,^c

Bentall

357 (27.3)

77 (34.4)

159 (31.5)

104 (24.0)^a

17 (11.5)^a^,^b^,^c

Wheat

34 (2.6)

7 (3.1)

7 (1.4)

15 (3.5)

5 (3.4)

David

6 (0.5)

1 (0.4)

0 (0.0)

5 (1.2)

0 (0.0)

Coronary artery bypass graft, n (%)

162 (12.4)

42 (18.8)

55 (10.9)^a

48 (11.1)^a

17 (11.5)

0.024

Mitral valve surgery, n (%)

18 (1.4)

3 (1.3)

8 (1.6)

7 (1.6)

0 (0.0)

0.531

Aorta-femoral artery bypass, n (%)

84 (6.4)

8 (3.6)

36 (7.1)

34 (7.9)

6 (4.1)

0.096

Frozen elephant trunk, n (%)

1289 (98.4)

223 (99.6)

498 (98.6)

422 (97.5)

146 (98.6)

0.233

Operative time (hours), median [IQR]

6.50 [5.50, 7.67]

7.31 [6.33, 8.50]

6.53 [5.67, 7.70]^a

6.25 [5.20, 7.42]^a^,^b

5.75 [4.92, 6.43]^a^,^b^,^c

<0.001

CPB time (min), median [IQR]

179.00 [149.00, 215.00]

215.00 [188.75, 254.00]

183.00 [155.00, 217.00]^a

165.00 [139.00, 195.00]^a^,^b

146.50 [127.00, 173.00]^a^,^b^,^c

<0.001

Cross-clamp time (min), median [IQR]

100.00 [83.00, 119.00]

112.00 [98.00, 137.00]

98.00 [84.00, 112.00]^a

98.00 [80.00, 120.00]^a

90.00 [68.75, 114.00]^a^,^c

<0.001

HCA time (min), median [IQR]

20.00 [16.00, 24.00]

24.00 [20.75, 29.00]

21.00 [18.00, 25.00]^a

17.00 [14.00, 20.00]^a^,^b

14.00 [6.00, 17.00]^a^,^b^,^c

<0.001

Blood loss (ml), median [IQR]

720.00 [600.00, 1000.00]

800.00 [600.00, 1,200.00]

660.00 [600.00, 1,200.00]

720.00 [600.00, 900.00]

780.00 [600.00, 900.00]

0.614

Red blood cell transfusion (U), median [IQR]

0.00 [0.00, 0.00]

0.00 [0.00, 2.00]

0.00 [0.00, 0.00]^b^,^c

0.001

Plasma transfusion (ml), median [IQR]

400.00 [0.00, 600.00]

400.00 [0.00, 800.00]

400.00 [0.00, 600.00]

200.00 [0.00, 600.00]^a

0.00 [0.00, 600.00]^a^,^b

<0.001

Platelets transfusion (U), median [IQR]

1.00 [1.00, 2.00]

2.00 [1.00, 2.00]

2.00 [1.00, 2.00]^a

1.00 [1.00, 2.00]^a^,^b

1.00 [0.00, 1.00]^a^,^b^,^c

<0.001

Variable

Overall N = 1310

DH (≤20°C) N = 224

LMH (20.1–24°C) N = 505

HMH (24.1–28°C) N = 433

MH (>28°C) N = 148

P value*

Baseline characteristics

Age (years), mean (SD)

46.67 (10.34)

47.75 (9.40)

46.09 (11.13)

46.84 (10.22)

46.49 (10.34)

0.217

Body mass index (kg/m²), mean (SD)

26.03 (4.57)

25.66 (5.26)

25.60 (4.26)

26.41 (4.66)^b

27.10 (3.92)^a^,^b

<0.001

Male sex, n (%)

1026 (78.3)

159 (71.0)

398 (78.8)

338 (78.1)

131 (88.5)^a^,^b^,^c

0.001

Time interval between onset and admission (days), median [IQR]

2.00 [0.83, 7.00]

3.00 [1.00, 7.00]

3.00 [1.00, 12.00]

1.00 [0.46, 5.00]^a^,^b

0.79 [0.33, 4.00]^a^,^b^,^c

<0.001

Acute, n (%)

1096 (83.7)

201 (89.7)

391 (77.4)^a

370 (85.5)^b

134 (90.5)^b

<0.001

Chest pain, n (%)

1101 (84.0)

201 (89.7)

415 (82.2)

370 (85.5)

115 (77.7)^a

0.007

Marfan syndrome, n (%)

137 (10.5)

22 (9.8)

76 (15.0)

32 (7.4)^b

7 (4.7)^b

<0.001

Smoking, n (%)

567 (43.3)

87 (38.8)

206 (40.8)

188 (43.4)

86 (58.1)^a^,^b^,^c

0.001

Alcohol addiction, n (%)

134 (10.2)

19 (8.5)

37 (7.3)

46 (10.6)

32 (21.6)^a^,^b^,^c

<0.001

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

36 (2.7)

5 (2.2)

10 (2.0)

17 (3.9)

4 (2.7)

0.326

Hypertension, n (%)

1026 (78.3)

163 (72.8)

367 (72.7)

359 (82.9)^a^,^b

137 (92.6)^a^,^b^,^c

<0.001

Hyperlipaemia, n (%)

181 (13.8)

21 (9.4)

77 (15.2)^a

70 (16.2)^a

13 (8.8)

0.019

Coronary artery disease, n (%)

37 (2.8)

7 (3.1)

12 (2.4)

11 (2.5)

7 (4.7)

0.451

NYHA ≥3, n (%)

48 (3.7)

3 (1.3)

6 (1.2)

32 (7.4)^a^,^b

7 (4.7)^b

<0.001

Chronic kidney disease, n (%)

47 (3.6)

9 (4.0)

23 (4.6)

13 (3.0)

2 (1.4)

0.260

COPD, n (%)

9 (0.7)

2 (0.9)

3 (0.6)

3 (0.7)

1 (0.7)

0.961

Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)

32 (2.4)

9 (4.0)

14 (2.8)

6 (1.4)

3 (2.0)

0.188

Family history of aortic disease, n (%)

26 (2.0)

4 (1.8)

18 (3.6)

3 (0.7)^b

1 (0.7)

0.010

History of cardiovascular surgery, n (%)

60 (4.6)

11 (4.9)

28 (5.5)

18 (4.2)

3 (2.0)

0.319

History of TEVAR, n (%)

33 (2.5)

1 (0.4)

14 (2.8)

10 (2.3)

8 (5.4)^a

0.023

History of PCI, n (%)

8 (0.6)

2 (0.9)

2 (0.4)

4 (0.9)

0 (0.0)

0.612

Preoperative lowest ejection fraction (%), mean (SD)

59.96 (5.30)

59.75 (5.68)

59.67 (5.60)

60.15 (4.94)

60.68 (4.60)

0.120

Aortic insufficiency, n (%)^d

512 (39.1)

88 (39.3)

215 (42.6)

165 (38.1)

44 (29.7)^b

0.041

Pericardial effusion, n (%)^e

51 (3.9)

3 (1.3)

20 (4.0)

20 (4.6)

8 (5.4)

0.099

Preoperative highest WBC (×10⁹/l), median [IQR]

10.98 [8.36, 13.80]

10.81 [8.37, 13.83]

10.68 [7.79, 13.33]

11.22 [8.55, 14.00]

12.00 [9.96, 14.74]^a^,^b

<0.001

Preoperative lowest platelet (×10⁹/l), median [IQR]

176.00 [141.00, 222.00]

167.00 [129.00, 211.00]

174.00 [142.00, 220.00]

182.00 [141.00, 225.00]

183.00 [151.00, 227.25]^a

0.016

Preoperative lowest haemoglobin (g/l), mean (SD)

133.39 (19.35)

129.31 (19.07)

131.76 (21.10)

135.23 (17.20)^a^,^b

139.75 (17.37)^a^,^b

<0.001

TEM-E, n (%)

<0.001

TEM-E0

75 (5.7)

12 (5.4)

34 (6.7)

19 (4.4)

10 (6.8)

TEM-E1

782 (59.7)

171 (76.3)

356 (70.5)

203 (46.9)^a^,^b

52 (35.1)^a^,^b

TEM-E2

394 (30.1)

40 (17.9)

104 (20.6)

182 (42.0)^a^,^b

68 (45.9)^a^,^b

TEM-E3

59 (4.5)

1 (0.4)

11 (2.2)

29 (6.7)^a^,^b

18 (12.2)^a^,^b

TEM-M0, n (%)

218 (16.6)

34 (15.2)

91 (18.0)

68 (15.7)

25 (16.9)

0.734

TEM-M1, n (%)

248 (18.9)

50 (22.3)

92 (18.2)

83 (19.2)

23 (15.5)

0.395

TEM-M2, n (%)

823 (62.8)

171 (76.3)

344 (68.1)

242 (55.9)^a^,^b

66 (44.6)^a^,^b

<0.001

TEM-M3, n (%)

572 (43.7)

79 (35.3)

215 (42.6)

204 (47.1)^a

74 (50.0)^a

0.011

Operative conditions

Emergency, n (%)

932 (71.1)

150 (67.0)

323 (64.0)

337 (77.8)^a^,^b

122 (82.4)^a^,^b

<0.001

Root surgery, n (%)

<0.001

Root sparing

913 (69.7)

139 (62.1)

339 (67.1)

309 (71.4)

126 (85.1)^a^,^b^,^c

Bentall

357 (27.3)

77 (34.4)

159 (31.5)

104 (24.0)^a

17 (11.5)^a^,^b^,^c

Wheat

34 (2.6)

7 (3.1)

7 (1.4)

15 (3.5)

5 (3.4)

David

6 (0.5)

1 (0.4)

0 (0.0)

5 (1.2)

0 (0.0)

Coronary artery bypass graft, n (%)

162 (12.4)

42 (18.8)

55 (10.9)^a

48 (11.1)^a

17 (11.5)

0.024

Mitral valve surgery, n (%)

18 (1.4)

3 (1.3)

8 (1.6)

7 (1.6)

0 (0.0)

0.531

Aorta-femoral artery bypass, n (%)

84 (6.4)

8 (3.6)

36 (7.1)

34 (7.9)

6 (4.1)

0.096

Frozen elephant trunk, n (%)

1289 (98.4)

223 (99.6)

498 (98.6)

422 (97.5)

146 (98.6)

0.233

Operative time (hours), median [IQR]

6.50 [5.50, 7.67]

7.31 [6.33, 8.50]

6.53 [5.67, 7.70]^a

6.25 [5.20, 7.42]^a^,^b

5.75 [4.92, 6.43]^a^,^b^,^c

<0.001

CPB time (min), median [IQR]

179.00 [149.00, 215.00]

215.00 [188.75, 254.00]

183.00 [155.00, 217.00]^a

165.00 [139.00, 195.00]^a^,^b

146.50 [127.00, 173.00]^a^,^b^,^c

<0.001

Cross-clamp time (min), median [IQR]

100.00 [83.00, 119.00]

112.00 [98.00, 137.00]

98.00 [84.00, 112.00]^a

98.00 [80.00, 120.00]^a

90.00 [68.75, 114.00]^a^,^c

<0.001

HCA time (min), median [IQR]

20.00 [16.00, 24.00]

24.00 [20.75, 29.00]

21.00 [18.00, 25.00]^a

17.00 [14.00, 20.00]^a^,^b

14.00 [6.00, 17.00]^a^,^b^,^c

<0.001

Blood loss (ml), median [IQR]

720.00 [600.00, 1000.00]

800.00 [600.00, 1,200.00]

660.00 [600.00, 1,200.00]

720.00 [600.00, 900.00]

780.00 [600.00, 900.00]

0.614

Red blood cell transfusion (U), median [IQR]

0.00 [0.00, 0.00]

0.00 [0.00, 2.00]

0.00 [0.00, 0.00]^b^,^c

0.001

Plasma transfusion (ml), median [IQR]

400.00 [0.00, 600.00]

400.00 [0.00, 800.00]

400.00 [0.00, 600.00]

200.00 [0.00, 600.00]^a

0.00 [0.00, 600.00]^a^,^b

<0.001

Platelets transfusion (U), median [IQR]

1.00 [1.00, 2.00]

2.00 [1.00, 2.00]

2.00 [1.00, 2.00]^a

1.00 [1.00, 2.00]^a^,^b

1.00 [0.00, 1.00]^a^,^b^,^c

<0.001

Table 1:

Open in new tab

Clinical characteristics

Variable	Overall N = 1310	DH (≤20°C) N = 224	LMH (20.1–24°C) N = 505	HMH (24.1–28°C) N = 433	MH (>28°C) N = 148	P value*
Baseline characteristics
Age (years), mean (SD)	46.67 (10.34)	47.75 (9.40)	46.09 (11.13)	46.84 (10.22)	46.49 (10.34)	0.217
Body mass index (kg/m²), mean (SD)	26.03 (4.57)	25.66 (5.26)	25.60 (4.26)	26.41 (4.66)^b	27.10 (3.92)^a^,^b	<0.001
Male sex, n (%)	1026 (78.3)	159 (71.0)	398 (78.8)	338 (78.1)	131 (88.5)^a^,^b^,^c	0.001
Time interval between onset and admission (days), median [IQR]	2.00 [0.83, 7.00]	3.00 [1.00, 7.00]	3.00 [1.00, 12.00]	1.00 [0.46, 5.00]^a^,^b	0.79 [0.33, 4.00]^a^,^b^,^c	<0.001
Acute, n (%)	1096 (83.7)	201 (89.7)	391 (77.4)^a	370 (85.5)^b	134 (90.5)^b	<0.001
Chest pain, n (%)	1101 (84.0)	201 (89.7)	415 (82.2)	370 (85.5)	115 (77.7)^a	0.007
Marfan syndrome, n (%)	137 (10.5)	22 (9.8)	76 (15.0)	32 (7.4)^b	7 (4.7)^b	<0.001
Smoking, n (%)	567 (43.3)	87 (38.8)	206 (40.8)	188 (43.4)	86 (58.1)^a^,^b^,^c	0.001
Alcohol addiction, n (%)	134 (10.2)	19 (8.5)	37 (7.3)	46 (10.6)	32 (21.6)^a^,^b^,^c	<0.001
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	36 (2.7)	5 (2.2)	10 (2.0)	17 (3.9)	4 (2.7)	0.326
Hypertension, n (%)	1026 (78.3)	163 (72.8)	367 (72.7)	359 (82.9)^a^,^b	137 (92.6)^a^,^b^,^c	<0.001
Hyperlipaemia, n (%)	181 (13.8)	21 (9.4)	77 (15.2)^a	70 (16.2)^a	13 (8.8)	0.019
Coronary artery disease, n (%)	37 (2.8)	7 (3.1)	12 (2.4)	11 (2.5)	7 (4.7)	0.451
NYHA ≥3, n (%)	48 (3.7)	3 (1.3)	6 (1.2)	32 (7.4)^a^,^b	7 (4.7)^b	<0.001
Chronic kidney disease, n (%)	47 (3.6)	9 (4.0)	23 (4.6)	13 (3.0)	2 (1.4)	0.260
COPD, n (%)	9 (0.7)	2 (0.9)	3 (0.6)	3 (0.7)	1 (0.7)	0.961
Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)	32 (2.4)	9 (4.0)	14 (2.8)	6 (1.4)	3 (2.0)	0.188
Family history of aortic disease, n (%)	26 (2.0)	4 (1.8)	18 (3.6)	3 (0.7)^b	1 (0.7)	0.010
History of cardiovascular surgery, n (%)	60 (4.6)	11 (4.9)	28 (5.5)	18 (4.2)	3 (2.0)	0.319
History of TEVAR, n (%)	33 (2.5)	1 (0.4)	14 (2.8)	10 (2.3)	8 (5.4)^a	0.023
History of PCI, n (%)	8 (0.6)	2 (0.9)	2 (0.4)	4 (0.9)	0 (0.0)	0.612
Preoperative lowest ejection fraction (%), mean (SD)	59.96 (5.30)	59.75 (5.68)	59.67 (5.60)	60.15 (4.94)	60.68 (4.60)	0.120
Aortic insufficiency, n (%)^d	512 (39.1)	88 (39.3)	215 (42.6)	165 (38.1)	44 (29.7)^b	0.041
Pericardial effusion, n (%)^e	51 (3.9)	3 (1.3)	20 (4.0)	20 (4.6)	8 (5.4)	0.099
Preoperative highest WBC (×10⁹/l), median [IQR]	10.98 [8.36, 13.80]	10.81 [8.37, 13.83]	10.68 [7.79, 13.33]	11.22 [8.55, 14.00]	12.00 [9.96, 14.74]^a^,^b	<0.001
Preoperative lowest platelet (×10⁹/l), median [IQR]	176.00 [141.00, 222.00]	167.00 [129.00, 211.00]	174.00 [142.00, 220.00]	182.00 [141.00, 225.00]	183.00 [151.00, 227.25]^a	0.016
Preoperative lowest haemoglobin (g/l), mean (SD)	133.39 (19.35)	129.31 (19.07)	131.76 (21.10)	135.23 (17.20)^a^,^b	139.75 (17.37)^a^,^b	<0.001
TEM-E, n (%)						<0.001
TEM-E0	75 (5.7)	12 (5.4)	34 (6.7)	19 (4.4)	10 (6.8)
TEM-E1	782 (59.7)	171 (76.3)	356 (70.5)	203 (46.9)^a^,^b	52 (35.1)^a^,^b
TEM-E2	394 (30.1)	40 (17.9)	104 (20.6)	182 (42.0)^a^,^b	68 (45.9)^a^,^b
TEM-E3	59 (4.5)	1 (0.4)	11 (2.2)	29 (6.7)^a^,^b	18 (12.2)^a^,^b
TEM-M0, n (%)	218 (16.6)	34 (15.2)	91 (18.0)	68 (15.7)	25 (16.9)	0.734
TEM-M1, n (%)	248 (18.9)	50 (22.3)	92 (18.2)	83 (19.2)	23 (15.5)	0.395
TEM-M2, n (%)	823 (62.8)	171 (76.3)	344 (68.1)	242 (55.9)^a^,^b	66 (44.6)^a^,^b	<0.001
TEM-M3, n (%)	572 (43.7)	79 (35.3)	215 (42.6)	204 (47.1)^a	74 (50.0)^a	0.011
Operative conditions
Emergency, n (%)	932 (71.1)	150 (67.0)	323 (64.0)	337 (77.8)^a^,^b	122 (82.4)^a^,^b	<0.001
Root surgery, n (%)						<0.001
Root sparing	913 (69.7)	139 (62.1)	339 (67.1)	309 (71.4)	126 (85.1)^a^,^b^,^c
Bentall	357 (27.3)	77 (34.4)	159 (31.5)	104 (24.0)^a	17 (11.5)^a^,^b^,^c
Wheat	34 (2.6)	7 (3.1)	7 (1.4)	15 (3.5)	5 (3.4)
David	6 (0.5)	1 (0.4)	0 (0.0)	5 (1.2)	0 (0.0)
Coronary artery bypass graft, n (%)	162 (12.4)	42 (18.8)	55 (10.9)^a	48 (11.1)^a	17 (11.5)	0.024
Mitral valve surgery, n (%)	18 (1.4)	3 (1.3)	8 (1.6)	7 (1.6)	0 (0.0)	0.531
Aorta-femoral artery bypass, n (%)	84 (6.4)	8 (3.6)	36 (7.1)	34 (7.9)	6 (4.1)	0.096
Frozen elephant trunk, n (%)	1289 (98.4)	223 (99.6)	498 (98.6)	422 (97.5)	146 (98.6)	0.233
Operative time (hours), median [IQR]	6.50 [5.50, 7.67]	7.31 [6.33, 8.50]	6.53 [5.67, 7.70]^a	6.25 [5.20, 7.42]^a^,^b	5.75 [4.92, 6.43]^a^,^b^,^c	<0.001
CPB time (min), median [IQR]	179.00 [149.00, 215.00]	215.00 [188.75, 254.00]	183.00 [155.00, 217.00]^a	165.00 [139.00, 195.00]^a^,^b	146.50 [127.00, 173.00]^a^,^b^,^c	<0.001
Cross-clamp time (min), median [IQR]	100.00 [83.00, 119.00]	112.00 [98.00, 137.00]	98.00 [84.00, 112.00]^a	98.00 [80.00, 120.00]^a	90.00 [68.75, 114.00]^a^,^c	<0.001
HCA time (min), median [IQR]	20.00 [16.00, 24.00]	24.00 [20.75, 29.00]	21.00 [18.00, 25.00]^a	17.00 [14.00, 20.00]^a^,^b	14.00 [6.00, 17.00]^a^,^b^,^c	<0.001
Blood loss (ml), median [IQR]	720.00 [600.00, 1000.00]	800.00 [600.00, 1,200.00]	660.00 [600.00, 1,200.00]	720.00 [600.00, 900.00]	780.00 [600.00, 900.00]	0.614
Red blood cell transfusion (U), median [IQR]	0.00 [0.00, 0.00]	0.00 [0.00, 0.00]	0.00 [0.00, 0.00]	0.00 [0.00, 2.00]	0.00 [0.00, 0.00]^b^,^c	0.001
Plasma transfusion (ml), median [IQR]	400.00 [0.00, 600.00]	400.00 [0.00, 800.00]	400.00 [0.00, 600.00]	200.00 [0.00, 600.00]^a	0.00 [0.00, 600.00]^a^,^b	<0.001
Platelets transfusion (U), median [IQR]	1.00 [1.00, 2.00]	2.00 [1.00, 2.00]	2.00 [1.00, 2.00]^a	1.00 [1.00, 2.00]^a^,^b	1.00 [0.00, 1.00]^a^,^b^,^c	<0.001

Variable	Overall N = 1310	DH (≤20°C) N = 224	LMH (20.1–24°C) N = 505	HMH (24.1–28°C) N = 433	MH (>28°C) N = 148	P value*
Baseline characteristics
Age (years), mean (SD)	46.67 (10.34)	47.75 (9.40)	46.09 (11.13)	46.84 (10.22)	46.49 (10.34)	0.217
Body mass index (kg/m²), mean (SD)	26.03 (4.57)	25.66 (5.26)	25.60 (4.26)	26.41 (4.66)^b	27.10 (3.92)^a^,^b	<0.001
Male sex, n (%)	1026 (78.3)	159 (71.0)	398 (78.8)	338 (78.1)	131 (88.5)^a^,^b^,^c	0.001
Time interval between onset and admission (days), median [IQR]	2.00 [0.83, 7.00]	3.00 [1.00, 7.00]	3.00 [1.00, 12.00]	1.00 [0.46, 5.00]^a^,^b	0.79 [0.33, 4.00]^a^,^b^,^c	<0.001
Acute, n (%)	1096 (83.7)	201 (89.7)	391 (77.4)^a	370 (85.5)^b	134 (90.5)^b	<0.001
Chest pain, n (%)	1101 (84.0)	201 (89.7)	415 (82.2)	370 (85.5)	115 (77.7)^a	0.007
Marfan syndrome, n (%)	137 (10.5)	22 (9.8)	76 (15.0)	32 (7.4)^b	7 (4.7)^b	<0.001
Smoking, n (%)	567 (43.3)	87 (38.8)	206 (40.8)	188 (43.4)	86 (58.1)^a^,^b^,^c	0.001
Alcohol addiction, n (%)	134 (10.2)	19 (8.5)	37 (7.3)	46 (10.6)	32 (21.6)^a^,^b^,^c	<0.001
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	36 (2.7)	5 (2.2)	10 (2.0)	17 (3.9)	4 (2.7)	0.326
Hypertension, n (%)	1026 (78.3)	163 (72.8)	367 (72.7)	359 (82.9)^a^,^b	137 (92.6)^a^,^b^,^c	<0.001
Hyperlipaemia, n (%)	181 (13.8)	21 (9.4)	77 (15.2)^a	70 (16.2)^a	13 (8.8)	0.019
Coronary artery disease, n (%)	37 (2.8)	7 (3.1)	12 (2.4)	11 (2.5)	7 (4.7)	0.451
NYHA ≥3, n (%)	48 (3.7)	3 (1.3)	6 (1.2)	32 (7.4)^a^,^b	7 (4.7)^b	<0.001
Chronic kidney disease, n (%)	47 (3.6)	9 (4.0)	23 (4.6)	13 (3.0)	2 (1.4)	0.260
COPD, n (%)	9 (0.7)	2 (0.9)	3 (0.6)	3 (0.7)	1 (0.7)	0.961
Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)	32 (2.4)	9 (4.0)	14 (2.8)	6 (1.4)	3 (2.0)	0.188
Family history of aortic disease, n (%)	26 (2.0)	4 (1.8)	18 (3.6)	3 (0.7)^b	1 (0.7)	0.010
History of cardiovascular surgery, n (%)	60 (4.6)	11 (4.9)	28 (5.5)	18 (4.2)	3 (2.0)	0.319
History of TEVAR, n (%)	33 (2.5)	1 (0.4)	14 (2.8)	10 (2.3)	8 (5.4)^a	0.023
History of PCI, n (%)	8 (0.6)	2 (0.9)	2 (0.4)	4 (0.9)	0 (0.0)	0.612
Preoperative lowest ejection fraction (%), mean (SD)	59.96 (5.30)	59.75 (5.68)	59.67 (5.60)	60.15 (4.94)	60.68 (4.60)	0.120
Aortic insufficiency, n (%)^d	512 (39.1)	88 (39.3)	215 (42.6)	165 (38.1)	44 (29.7)^b	0.041
Pericardial effusion, n (%)^e	51 (3.9)	3 (1.3)	20 (4.0)	20 (4.6)	8 (5.4)	0.099
Preoperative highest WBC (×10⁹/l), median [IQR]	10.98 [8.36, 13.80]	10.81 [8.37, 13.83]	10.68 [7.79, 13.33]	11.22 [8.55, 14.00]	12.00 [9.96, 14.74]^a^,^b	<0.001
Preoperative lowest platelet (×10⁹/l), median [IQR]	176.00 [141.00, 222.00]	167.00 [129.00, 211.00]	174.00 [142.00, 220.00]	182.00 [141.00, 225.00]	183.00 [151.00, 227.25]^a	0.016
Preoperative lowest haemoglobin (g/l), mean (SD)	133.39 (19.35)	129.31 (19.07)	131.76 (21.10)	135.23 (17.20)^a^,^b	139.75 (17.37)^a^,^b	<0.001
TEM-E, n (%)						<0.001
TEM-E0	75 (5.7)	12 (5.4)	34 (6.7)	19 (4.4)	10 (6.8)
TEM-E1	782 (59.7)	171 (76.3)	356 (70.5)	203 (46.9)^a^,^b	52 (35.1)^a^,^b
TEM-E2	394 (30.1)	40 (17.9)	104 (20.6)	182 (42.0)^a^,^b	68 (45.9)^a^,^b
TEM-E3	59 (4.5)	1 (0.4)	11 (2.2)	29 (6.7)^a^,^b	18 (12.2)^a^,^b
TEM-M0, n (%)	218 (16.6)	34 (15.2)	91 (18.0)	68 (15.7)	25 (16.9)	0.734
TEM-M1, n (%)	248 (18.9)	50 (22.3)	92 (18.2)	83 (19.2)	23 (15.5)	0.395
TEM-M2, n (%)	823 (62.8)	171 (76.3)	344 (68.1)	242 (55.9)^a^,^b	66 (44.6)^a^,^b	<0.001
TEM-M3, n (%)	572 (43.7)	79 (35.3)	215 (42.6)	204 (47.1)^a	74 (50.0)^a	0.011
Operative conditions
Emergency, n (%)	932 (71.1)	150 (67.0)	323 (64.0)	337 (77.8)^a^,^b	122 (82.4)^a^,^b	<0.001
Root surgery, n (%)						<0.001
Root sparing	913 (69.7)	139 (62.1)	339 (67.1)	309 (71.4)	126 (85.1)^a^,^b^,^c
Bentall	357 (27.3)	77 (34.4)	159 (31.5)	104 (24.0)^a	17 (11.5)^a^,^b^,^c
Wheat	34 (2.6)	7 (3.1)	7 (1.4)	15 (3.5)	5 (3.4)
David	6 (0.5)	1 (0.4)	0 (0.0)	5 (1.2)	0 (0.0)
Coronary artery bypass graft, n (%)	162 (12.4)	42 (18.8)	55 (10.9)^a	48 (11.1)^a	17 (11.5)	0.024
Mitral valve surgery, n (%)	18 (1.4)	3 (1.3)	8 (1.6)	7 (1.6)	0 (0.0)	0.531
Aorta-femoral artery bypass, n (%)	84 (6.4)	8 (3.6)	36 (7.1)	34 (7.9)	6 (4.1)	0.096
Frozen elephant trunk, n (%)	1289 (98.4)	223 (99.6)	498 (98.6)	422 (97.5)	146 (98.6)	0.233
Operative time (hours), median [IQR]	6.50 [5.50, 7.67]	7.31 [6.33, 8.50]	6.53 [5.67, 7.70]^a	6.25 [5.20, 7.42]^a^,^b	5.75 [4.92, 6.43]^a^,^b^,^c	<0.001
CPB time (min), median [IQR]	179.00 [149.00, 215.00]	215.00 [188.75, 254.00]	183.00 [155.00, 217.00]^a	165.00 [139.00, 195.00]^a^,^b	146.50 [127.00, 173.00]^a^,^b^,^c	<0.001
Cross-clamp time (min), median [IQR]	100.00 [83.00, 119.00]	112.00 [98.00, 137.00]	98.00 [84.00, 112.00]^a	98.00 [80.00, 120.00]^a	90.00 [68.75, 114.00]^a^,^c	<0.001
HCA time (min), median [IQR]	20.00 [16.00, 24.00]	24.00 [20.75, 29.00]	21.00 [18.00, 25.00]^a	17.00 [14.00, 20.00]^a^,^b	14.00 [6.00, 17.00]^a^,^b^,^c	<0.001
Blood loss (ml), median [IQR]	720.00 [600.00, 1000.00]	800.00 [600.00, 1,200.00]	660.00 [600.00, 1,200.00]	720.00 [600.00, 900.00]	780.00 [600.00, 900.00]	0.614
Red blood cell transfusion (U), median [IQR]	0.00 [0.00, 0.00]	0.00 [0.00, 0.00]	0.00 [0.00, 0.00]	0.00 [0.00, 2.00]	0.00 [0.00, 0.00]^b^,^c	0.001
Plasma transfusion (ml), median [IQR]	400.00 [0.00, 600.00]	400.00 [0.00, 800.00]	400.00 [0.00, 600.00]	200.00 [0.00, 600.00]^a	0.00 [0.00, 600.00]^a^,^b	<0.001
Platelets transfusion (U), median [IQR]	1.00 [1.00, 2.00]	2.00 [1.00, 2.00]	2.00 [1.00, 2.00]^a	1.00 [1.00, 2.00]^a^,^b	1.00 [0.00, 1.00]^a^,^b^,^c	<0.001

P values accounted for the comparison of differences between 4 groups.

Compared with DH group, adjusted P < 0.05.

Compared with LMH group, adjusted P < 0.05.

Compared with HMH group, adjusted P < 0.05.

Patients with moderate or severe aortic insufficiency were included.

Patients with moderate or severe pericardial effusion were included.

COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; DH: deep hypothermia; HCA: hypothermia circulatory arrest; HMH: high-moderate hypothermia; IQR: interquartile range; LMH: low-moderate hypothermia; MH: mild hypothermia; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; SD: standard deviation; TEM: type, entry, malperfusion; TEVAR: thoracic endovascular aortic repair; WBC: white blood cell.

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