Table 2. Open in new tab Logistic...

Trial characteristics	Discontinued trials (n = 57)	Unpublished trials (n = 67)
Intervention	Biological	4 (7.0%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	4 (6.0%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	Device	2 (3.5%)	0.0 (0.0–0.8)	0.1 (0.0–2.0)	1 (1.5%)	0.0 (0.0–0.7)	0.1 (0.0–1.1)
	Drug	25 (43.9%)	0.1 (0.0–1.0)	0.2 (0.0–1.8)	29 (43.3%)	0.1 (0.0–1.8)	0.3 (0.0–2.4)
	Drug and procedure	1 (1.8%)	0.0 (0.0–0.6)	0.1 (0.0–1.4)	2 (3.0%)	0.1 (0.0–2.1)	0.2 (0.0–2.8)
	Drug and radiation	10 (17.5%)	0.1 (0.0–0.9)	0.2 (0.0–1.6)	8 (11.9%)	0.1 (0.0–0.9)	0.1 (0.0–1.2)
	Multiple interventions	3 (5.3%)	0.0 (0.0–0.6)	0.1 (0.0–1.1)	4 (6.0%)	0.1 (0.0–1.2)	0.1 (0.0–1.5)
	Other	1 (1.8%)	0.0 (0.0–1.1)	0.1 (0.0–1.9)	2 (3.0%)	0.1 (0.0–3.6)	0.3 (0.0–4.7)
	Procedure	2 (3.5%)	0.0 (0.0–0.5)	0.1 (0.0–1.3)	7 (10.4%)	0.8 (0.0–21.2)	1.8 (0.1–36.3)
	Procedure and radiation	3 (5.3%)	0.1 (0.0–2.1)	0.3 (0.0–3.8)	4 (6.0%)	0.3 (0.0–6.0)	0.5 (0.0–8.0)
	Radiation	6 (10.5%)	0.1 (0.0–2.7)	0.5 (0.1–6.7)	6 (9.0%)	0.2 (0.0–4.3)	0.5 (0.0–6.7)
Funding	Industry	8 (14.0%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	11 (16.4%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	Industry and other^b	4 (7.0%)	1.4 (0.2–10.1)	2.5 (0.5–12.5)	4 (6.0%)	0.8 (0.1–5.3)	1.9 (0.7–5.4)
	NIH	1 (1.8%)	1.4 (0.1–20.7)	1.3(0.1–15.8)	2 (3.0%)	2.2 (0.1–36.1)	1.1 (0.3–3.7)
	NIH and other^c	5 (8.8%)	0.7 (0.2–3.3)	0.9 (0.2–3.3)	7 (10.4%)	0.9 (0.2–3.6)	1.7 (0.3–9.1)
	Other^d	39 (68.4%)	4.2 (1.3–13.8)	2.3 (0.9–5.9)	43 (64.2%)	1.8 (0.6–5.4)	3.4 (0.3–45.0)
Location	International	35 (61.4%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	41 (61.2%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	United States	22 (38.6%)	2.3 (0.8–6.3)	0.8 (0.4–1.5)	26 (38.8%)	1.3 (0.5–3.3)	1.3 (0.7–2.6)

Trial characteristics

Discontinued trials (n = 57)

Unpublished trials (n = 67)

No. (%)

Odds ratio (95% C.I.)

No. (%)

Odds ratio (95% C.I.)

Adjusted

Unadjusted

Adjusted

Unadjusted

Intervention

Biological

4 (7.0%)

1 (reference)

4 (6.0%)

1 (reference)

Device

2 (3.5%)

0.0 (0.0–0.8)

0.1 (0.0–2.0)

1 (1.5%)

0.0 (0.0–0.7)

0.1 (0.0–1.1)

Drug

25 (43.9%)

0.1 (0.0–1.0)

0.2 (0.0–1.8)

29 (43.3%)

0.1 (0.0–1.8)

0.3 (0.0–2.4)

Drug and procedure

1 (1.8%)

0.0 (0.0–0.6)

0.1 (0.0–1.4)

2 (3.0%)

0.1 (0.0–2.1)

0.2 (0.0–2.8)

Drug and radiation

10 (17.5%)

0.1 (0.0–0.9)

0.2 (0.0–1.6)

8 (11.9%)

0.1 (0.0–0.9)

0.1 (0.0–1.2)

Multiple interventions

3 (5.3%)

0.0 (0.0–0.6)

0.1 (0.0–1.1)

4 (6.0%)

0.1 (0.0–1.2)

0.1 (0.0–1.5)

Other

1 (1.8%)

0.0 (0.0–1.1)

0.1 (0.0–1.9)

2 (3.0%)

0.1 (0.0–3.6)

0.3 (0.0–4.7)

Procedure

2 (3.5%)

0.0 (0.0–0.5)

0.1 (0.0–1.3)

7 (10.4%)

0.8 (0.0–21.2)

1.8 (0.1–36.3)

Procedure and radiation

3 (5.3%)

0.1 (0.0–2.1)

0.3 (0.0–3.8)

4 (6.0%)

0.3 (0.0–6.0)

0.5 (0.0–8.0)

Radiation

6 (10.5%)

0.1 (0.0–2.7)

0.5 (0.1–6.7)

6 (9.0%)

0.2 (0.0–4.3)

0.5 (0.0–6.7)

Funding

Industry

8 (14.0%)

1 (reference)

11 (16.4%)

1 (reference)

Industry and other^b

4 (7.0%)

1.4 (0.2–10.1)

2.5 (0.5–12.5)

4 (6.0%)

0.8 (0.1–5.3)

1.9 (0.7–5.4)

NIH

1 (1.8%)

1.4 (0.1–20.7)

1.3(0.1–15.8)

2 (3.0%)

2.2 (0.1–36.1)

1.1 (0.3–3.7)

NIH and other^c

5 (8.8%)

0.7 (0.2–3.3)

0.9 (0.2–3.3)

7 (10.4%)

0.9 (0.2–3.6)

1.7 (0.3–9.1)

Other^d

39 (68.4%)

4.2 (1.3–13.8)

2.3 (0.9–5.9)

43 (64.2%)

1.8 (0.6–5.4)

3.4 (0.3–45.0)

Location

International

35 (61.4%)

1 (reference)

41 (61.2%)

1 (reference)

United States

22 (38.6%)

2.3 (0.8–6.3)

0.8 (0.4–1.5)

26 (38.8%)

1.3 (0.5–3.3)

1.3 (0.7–2.6)

Trial characteristics	Discontinued trials (n = 57)	Unpublished trials (n = 67)
Intervention	Biological	4 (7.0%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	4 (6.0%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	Device	2 (3.5%)	0.0 (0.0–0.8)	0.1 (0.0–2.0)	1 (1.5%)	0.0 (0.0–0.7)	0.1 (0.0–1.1)
	Drug	25 (43.9%)	0.1 (0.0–1.0)	0.2 (0.0–1.8)	29 (43.3%)	0.1 (0.0–1.8)	0.3 (0.0–2.4)
	Drug and procedure	1 (1.8%)	0.0 (0.0–0.6)	0.1 (0.0–1.4)	2 (3.0%)	0.1 (0.0–2.1)	0.2 (0.0–2.8)
	Drug and radiation	10 (17.5%)	0.1 (0.0–0.9)	0.2 (0.0–1.6)	8 (11.9%)	0.1 (0.0–0.9)	0.1 (0.0–1.2)
	Multiple interventions	3 (5.3%)	0.0 (0.0–0.6)	0.1 (0.0–1.1)	4 (6.0%)	0.1 (0.0–1.2)	0.1 (0.0–1.5)
	Other	1 (1.8%)	0.0 (0.0–1.1)	0.1 (0.0–1.9)	2 (3.0%)	0.1 (0.0–3.6)	0.3 (0.0–4.7)
	Procedure	2 (3.5%)	0.0 (0.0–0.5)	0.1 (0.0–1.3)	7 (10.4%)	0.8 (0.0–21.2)	1.8 (0.1–36.3)
	Procedure and radiation	3 (5.3%)	0.1 (0.0–2.1)	0.3 (0.0–3.8)	4 (6.0%)	0.3 (0.0–6.0)	0.5 (0.0–8.0)
	Radiation	6 (10.5%)	0.1 (0.0–2.7)	0.5 (0.1–6.7)	6 (9.0%)	0.2 (0.0–4.3)	0.5 (0.0–6.7)
Funding	Industry	8 (14.0%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	11 (16.4%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	Industry and other^b	4 (7.0%)	1.4 (0.2–10.1)	2.5 (0.5–12.5)	4 (6.0%)	0.8 (0.1–5.3)	1.9 (0.7–5.4)
	NIH	1 (1.8%)	1.4 (0.1–20.7)	1.3(0.1–15.8)	2 (3.0%)	2.2 (0.1–36.1)	1.1 (0.3–3.7)
	NIH and other^c	5 (8.8%)	0.7 (0.2–3.3)	0.9 (0.2–3.3)	7 (10.4%)	0.9 (0.2–3.6)	1.7 (0.3–9.1)
	Other^d	39 (68.4%)	4.2 (1.3–13.8)	2.3 (0.9–5.9)	43 (64.2%)	1.8 (0.6–5.4)	3.4 (0.3–45.0)
Location	International	35 (61.4%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	41 (61.2%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	United States	22 (38.6%)	2.3 (0.8–6.3)	0.8 (0.4–1.5)	26 (38.8%)	1.3 (0.5–3.3)	1.3 (0.7–2.6)

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Logistic Regression of Trial Discontinuation and Nonpublication^a

Trial characteristics		Discontinued trials (n = 57)			Unpublished trials (n = 67)
		No. (%)	Odds ratio (95% C.I.)		No. (%)	Odds ratio (95% C.I.)
		No. (%)	Adjusted	Unadjusted	No. (%)	Adjusted	Unadjusted
Intervention	Biological	4 (7.0%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	4 (6.0%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	Device	2 (3.5%)	0.0 (0.0–0.8)	0.1 (0.0–2.0)	1 (1.5%)	0.0 (0.0–0.7)	0.1 (0.0–1.1)
	Drug	25 (43.9%)	0.1 (0.0–1.0)	0.2 (0.0–1.8)	29 (43.3%)	0.1 (0.0–1.8)	0.3 (0.0–2.4)
	Drug and procedure	1 (1.8%)	0.0 (0.0–0.6)	0.1 (0.0–1.4)	2 (3.0%)	0.1 (0.0–2.1)	0.2 (0.0–2.8)
	Drug and radiation	10 (17.5%)	0.1 (0.0–0.9)	0.2 (0.0–1.6)	8 (11.9%)	0.1 (0.0–0.9)	0.1 (0.0–1.2)
	Multiple interventions	3 (5.3%)	0.0 (0.0–0.6)	0.1 (0.0–1.1)	4 (6.0%)	0.1 (0.0–1.2)	0.1 (0.0–1.5)
	Other	1 (1.8%)	0.0 (0.0–1.1)	0.1 (0.0–1.9)	2 (3.0%)	0.1 (0.0–3.6)	0.3 (0.0–4.7)
	Procedure	2 (3.5%)	0.0 (0.0–0.5)	0.1 (0.0–1.3)	7 (10.4%)	0.8 (0.0–21.2)	1.8 (0.1–36.3)
	Procedure and radiation	3 (5.3%)	0.1 (0.0–2.1)	0.3 (0.0–3.8)	4 (6.0%)	0.3 (0.0–6.0)	0.5 (0.0–8.0)
	Radiation	6 (10.5%)	0.1 (0.0–2.7)	0.5 (0.1–6.7)	6 (9.0%)	0.2 (0.0–4.3)	0.5 (0.0–6.7)
Funding	Industry	8 (14.0%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	11 (16.4%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	Industry and other^b	4 (7.0%)	1.4 (0.2–10.1)	2.5 (0.5–12.5)	4 (6.0%)	0.8 (0.1–5.3)	1.9 (0.7–5.4)
	NIH	1 (1.8%)	1.4 (0.1–20.7)	1.3(0.1–15.8)	2 (3.0%)	2.2 (0.1–36.1)	1.1 (0.3–3.7)
	NIH and other^c	5 (8.8%)	0.7 (0.2–3.3)	0.9 (0.2–3.3)	7 (10.4%)	0.9 (0.2–3.6)	1.7 (0.3–9.1)
	Other^d	39 (68.4%)	4.2 (1.3–13.8)	2.3 (0.9–5.9)	43 (64.2%)	1.8 (0.6–5.4)	3.4 (0.3–45.0)
Location	International	35 (61.4%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	41 (61.2%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	United States	22 (38.6%)	2.3 (0.8–6.3)	0.8 (0.4–1.5)	26 (38.8%)	1.3 (0.5–3.3)	1.3 (0.7–2.6)

Trial characteristics		Discontinued trials (n = 57)			Unpublished trials (n = 67)
		No. (%)	Odds ratio (95% C.I.)		No. (%)	Odds ratio (95% C.I.)
		No. (%)	Adjusted	Unadjusted	No. (%)	Adjusted	Unadjusted
Intervention	Biological	4 (7.0%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	4 (6.0%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	Device	2 (3.5%)	0.0 (0.0–0.8)	0.1 (0.0–2.0)	1 (1.5%)	0.0 (0.0–0.7)	0.1 (0.0–1.1)
	Drug	25 (43.9%)	0.1 (0.0–1.0)	0.2 (0.0–1.8)	29 (43.3%)	0.1 (0.0–1.8)	0.3 (0.0–2.4)
	Drug and procedure	1 (1.8%)	0.0 (0.0–0.6)	0.1 (0.0–1.4)	2 (3.0%)	0.1 (0.0–2.1)	0.2 (0.0–2.8)
	Drug and radiation	10 (17.5%)	0.1 (0.0–0.9)	0.2 (0.0–1.6)	8 (11.9%)	0.1 (0.0–0.9)	0.1 (0.0–1.2)
	Multiple interventions	3 (5.3%)	0.0 (0.0–0.6)	0.1 (0.0–1.1)	4 (6.0%)	0.1 (0.0–1.2)	0.1 (0.0–1.5)
	Other	1 (1.8%)	0.0 (0.0–1.1)	0.1 (0.0–1.9)	2 (3.0%)	0.1 (0.0–3.6)	0.3 (0.0–4.7)
	Procedure	2 (3.5%)	0.0 (0.0–0.5)	0.1 (0.0–1.3)	7 (10.4%)	0.8 (0.0–21.2)	1.8 (0.1–36.3)
	Procedure and radiation	3 (5.3%)	0.1 (0.0–2.1)	0.3 (0.0–3.8)	4 (6.0%)	0.3 (0.0–6.0)	0.5 (0.0–8.0)
	Radiation	6 (10.5%)	0.1 (0.0–2.7)	0.5 (0.1–6.7)	6 (9.0%)	0.2 (0.0–4.3)	0.5 (0.0–6.7)
Funding	Industry	8 (14.0%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	11 (16.4%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	Industry and other^b	4 (7.0%)	1.4 (0.2–10.1)	2.5 (0.5–12.5)	4 (6.0%)	0.8 (0.1–5.3)	1.9 (0.7–5.4)
	NIH	1 (1.8%)	1.4 (0.1–20.7)	1.3(0.1–15.8)	2 (3.0%)	2.2 (0.1–36.1)	1.1 (0.3–3.7)
	NIH and other^c	5 (8.8%)	0.7 (0.2–3.3)	0.9 (0.2–3.3)	7 (10.4%)	0.9 (0.2–3.6)	1.7 (0.3–9.1)
	Other^d	39 (68.4%)	4.2 (1.3–13.8)	2.3 (0.9–5.9)	43 (64.2%)	1.8 (0.6–5.4)	3.4 (0.3–45.0)
Location	International	35 (61.4%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	41 (61.2%)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
	United States	22 (38.6%)	2.3 (0.8–6.3)	0.8 (0.4–1.5)	26 (38.8%)	1.3 (0.5–3.3)	1.3 (0.7–2.6)

^aLogistic regression adjusted for intervention, funding source, and location of trial conductance.

^bIndustry and other: industry plus a hospital or university, government, and nonprofit organization (n = 8).

^cNIH and other: NIH plus nonprofit organization (n = 3), NIH plus a hospital or university (n = 9).

^dOther: Hospital or university (n = 57), nonprofit organization (n = 15), nonprofit organization plus a hospital or university (n = 6), private (n = 2), nonprofit organization plus private (n = 2).

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