Table 1. Open in new tab Synthesis of RP...

First authors (publication year) and affiliation	Number of primary studies identified, searched database and inclusion/exclusion criteria	Study characteristics	Main findings and I² statistics	Risk of bias reported or mitigated	SIGN quality assessment and score
Prevalence
Garner et al. (2015) [1] Department of Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, UK	17 studies Databases searched: Searched database: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED and PubMed Literature search in June 2011 and rerun in October 2014 Studies from 1991 to 2011 Inclusion criteria: ‘Studies reporting the prevalence and/or incidence of primary Raynaud’s (PRP), potential risk factors of PRP, human data of PRP people of any age; studies in any language’. Exclusion criteria: ‘Studies assessing treatment of PRP, secondary RP to other diseases, RP in a specific occupation (i.e. people using vibration tools). Unpublished material, editorials, letters, case reports or reviews’.	Systematic review General population of high-income countries (3 studies from North America, 14 Europe, 1 New Zealand, 2 Asia). In total, 33 733 participants in review Raynaud’s by case definitions, possible and definite. Age mean (range) 15–84 years Performed a meta-analysis with random effects model to pool data.	Pooled estimate Pooled prevalence from five studies was 4.85% (95% CI 2.08, 8.71). 4850 cases per 100 000 Females 5.74% (2.74–9.75) Males 4.12% (1.60–7.74) I² = 98.2% for pooled prevalence definite PRP	Authors stated they mitigated no numeric value reported	Low quality
Incidence
Garner et al. (2015) [1] Department of Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, UK	Two studies Databases searched and inclusion/exclusion criteria same as above	Performed meta-analysis with a random effects model to pool data In total, 33 733 participants in the review 1 France—296 subjects, 1 USA, 717 women and 641 men over a 7-year period.	Pooled estimate Pooled annual incidence was 0.25% (95% CI 0.19, 0.32). 250 cases per 100 000 Females: 0.24% Males: 0.26% I² = not reported	Same as above	Low quality

First authors (publication year) and affiliation

Number of primary studies identified, searched database and inclusion/exclusion criteria

Study characteristics

Main findings and I² statistics

Risk of bias reported or mitigated

SIGN quality assessment and score

Prevalence

Garner et al. (2015) [1]
Department of Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, UK

17 studies
Databases searched:
Searched database: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED and PubMed
Literature search in June 2011 and rerun in October 2014
Studies from 1991 to 2011
Inclusion criteria:
‘Studies reporting the prevalence and/or incidence of primary Raynaud’s (PRP), potential risk factors of PRP, human data of PRP people of any age; studies in any language’.
Exclusion criteria:
‘Studies assessing treatment of PRP, secondary RP to other diseases, RP in a specific occupation (i.e. people using vibration tools). Unpublished material, editorials, letters, case reports or reviews’.

Systematic review
General population of high-income countries (3 studies from North America, 14 Europe, 1 New Zealand, 2 Asia).
In total, 33 733 participants in review
Raynaud’s by case definitions, possible and definite.
Age mean (range) 15–84 years
Performed a meta-analysis with random effects model to pool data.

Pooled estimate
Pooled prevalence from five studies was 4.85% (95% CI 2.08, 8.71).
4850 cases per 100 000
Females 5.74% (2.74–9.75)
Males 4.12% (1.60–7.74)
I² = 98.2% for pooled prevalence definite PRP

Authors stated they mitigated no numeric value reported

Low quality

Incidence

Garner et al. (2015) [1]
Department of Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, UK

Two studies
Databases searched and inclusion/exclusion criteria same as above

Performed meta-analysis with a random effects model to pool data
In total, 33 733 participants in the review
1 France—296 subjects, 1 USA, 717 women and 641 men over a 7-year period.

Pooled estimate
Pooled annual incidence was 0.25% (95% CI 0.19, 0.32).
250 cases per 100 000
Females: 0.24%
Males: 0.26%
I² = not reported

Same as above

Low quality

First authors (publication year) and affiliation	Number of primary studies identified, searched database and inclusion/exclusion criteria	Study characteristics	Main findings and I² statistics	Risk of bias reported or mitigated	SIGN quality assessment and score
Prevalence
Garner et al. (2015) [1] Department of Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, UK	17 studies Databases searched: Searched database: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED and PubMed Literature search in June 2011 and rerun in October 2014 Studies from 1991 to 2011 Inclusion criteria: ‘Studies reporting the prevalence and/or incidence of primary Raynaud’s (PRP), potential risk factors of PRP, human data of PRP people of any age; studies in any language’. Exclusion criteria: ‘Studies assessing treatment of PRP, secondary RP to other diseases, RP in a specific occupation (i.e. people using vibration tools). Unpublished material, editorials, letters, case reports or reviews’.	Systematic review General population of high-income countries (3 studies from North America, 14 Europe, 1 New Zealand, 2 Asia). In total, 33 733 participants in review Raynaud’s by case definitions, possible and definite. Age mean (range) 15–84 years Performed a meta-analysis with random effects model to pool data.	Pooled estimate Pooled prevalence from five studies was 4.85% (95% CI 2.08, 8.71). 4850 cases per 100 000 Females 5.74% (2.74–9.75) Males 4.12% (1.60–7.74) I² = 98.2% for pooled prevalence definite PRP	Authors stated they mitigated no numeric value reported	Low quality
Incidence
Garner et al. (2015) [1] Department of Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, UK	Two studies Databases searched and inclusion/exclusion criteria same as above	Performed meta-analysis with a random effects model to pool data In total, 33 733 participants in the review 1 France—296 subjects, 1 USA, 717 women and 641 men over a 7-year period.	Pooled estimate Pooled annual incidence was 0.25% (95% CI 0.19, 0.32). 250 cases per 100 000 Females: 0.24% Males: 0.26% I² = not reported	Same as above	Low quality

Table 1.

Open in new tab

Synthesis of RP systematic reviews

First authors (publication year) and affiliation	Number of primary studies identified, searched database and inclusion/exclusion criteria	Study characteristics	Main findings and I² statistics	Risk of bias reported or mitigated	SIGN quality assessment and score
Prevalence
Garner et al. (2015) [1] Department of Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, UK	17 studies Databases searched: Searched database: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED and PubMed Literature search in June 2011 and rerun in October 2014 Studies from 1991 to 2011 Inclusion criteria: ‘Studies reporting the prevalence and/or incidence of primary Raynaud’s (PRP), potential risk factors of PRP, human data of PRP people of any age; studies in any language’. Exclusion criteria: ‘Studies assessing treatment of PRP, secondary RP to other diseases, RP in a specific occupation (i.e. people using vibration tools). Unpublished material, editorials, letters, case reports or reviews’.	Systematic review General population of high-income countries (3 studies from North America, 14 Europe, 1 New Zealand, 2 Asia). In total, 33 733 participants in review Raynaud’s by case definitions, possible and definite. Age mean (range) 15–84 years Performed a meta-analysis with random effects model to pool data.	Pooled estimate Pooled prevalence from five studies was 4.85% (95% CI 2.08, 8.71). 4850 cases per 100 000 Females 5.74% (2.74–9.75) Males 4.12% (1.60–7.74) I² = 98.2% for pooled prevalence definite PRP	Authors stated they mitigated no numeric value reported	Low quality
Incidence
Garner et al. (2015) [1] Department of Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, UK	Two studies Databases searched and inclusion/exclusion criteria same as above	Performed meta-analysis with a random effects model to pool data In total, 33 733 participants in the review 1 France—296 subjects, 1 USA, 717 women and 641 men over a 7-year period.	Pooled estimate Pooled annual incidence was 0.25% (95% CI 0.19, 0.32). 250 cases per 100 000 Females: 0.24% Males: 0.26% I² = not reported	Same as above	Low quality

First authors (publication year) and affiliation	Number of primary studies identified, searched database and inclusion/exclusion criteria	Study characteristics	Main findings and I² statistics	Risk of bias reported or mitigated	SIGN quality assessment and score
Prevalence
Garner et al. (2015) [1] Department of Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, UK	17 studies Databases searched: Searched database: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED and PubMed Literature search in June 2011 and rerun in October 2014 Studies from 1991 to 2011 Inclusion criteria: ‘Studies reporting the prevalence and/or incidence of primary Raynaud’s (PRP), potential risk factors of PRP, human data of PRP people of any age; studies in any language’. Exclusion criteria: ‘Studies assessing treatment of PRP, secondary RP to other diseases, RP in a specific occupation (i.e. people using vibration tools). Unpublished material, editorials, letters, case reports or reviews’.	Systematic review General population of high-income countries (3 studies from North America, 14 Europe, 1 New Zealand, 2 Asia). In total, 33 733 participants in review Raynaud’s by case definitions, possible and definite. Age mean (range) 15–84 years Performed a meta-analysis with random effects model to pool data.	Pooled estimate Pooled prevalence from five studies was 4.85% (95% CI 2.08, 8.71). 4850 cases per 100 000 Females 5.74% (2.74–9.75) Males 4.12% (1.60–7.74) I² = 98.2% for pooled prevalence definite PRP	Authors stated they mitigated no numeric value reported	Low quality
Incidence
Garner et al. (2015) [1] Department of Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, UK	Two studies Databases searched and inclusion/exclusion criteria same as above	Performed meta-analysis with a random effects model to pool data In total, 33 733 participants in the review 1 France—296 subjects, 1 USA, 717 women and 641 men over a 7-year period.	Pooled estimate Pooled annual incidence was 0.25% (95% CI 0.19, 0.32). 250 cases per 100 000 Females: 0.24% Males: 0.26% I² = not reported	Same as above	Low quality

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