Table 1 Open in new tab Demographic,...

Low-risk group
N = 349

Intermediate-risk group
N = 127

High-risk group
N = 217

Total sample
N = 693

Group effect, P

Age, years

77.7 (4.3)

80.0 (5.1)^*

79.3 (4.5)^*

78.7 (4.6)

<.001

Female, n (%)

179 (51.3)

64 (50.4)

120 (55.3)

363 (52.4)

.574

Number of medical conditions^e,**

2.0 (1.2)

2.1 (1.1)

2.2 (1.1)

2.1 (1.1)

.149

Medications^f—total n (%)

4.8 (3.4)

5.6 (3.1)^*

5.4 (3.3)

5.1 (3.3)

.017

Psychotropic medications^g, n (%)

57 (16.3)

23 (18.1)

49 (22.6)

129 (18.8)

.149

Cardiovascular medications^h, n (%)

82 (23.5)

25 (19.7)

67 (30.9)^*,#

174 (25.4)

.038

TUG test timeⁱ, s

8.1 (1.2)

12.5 (2.9)^*

10.7 (3.7)^*,#

9.7 (3.1)

<.001

TUG >10 s, n (%)

0 (0)

127 (100)^*

104 (47.9)^*,#

231 (33.3)

<.001

Grip strength^j, kg

29.0 (10.4)

25.4 (10.4)^*

24.4 (11.2)^*

26.9 (10.8)

<.001

Sway-foam^k, mm

173.3 (79.4)

216.6 (107.7)^*

211.6 (101.4)^*

193.3 (94.3)

<.001

PPA fall risk^l, score

0.67 (0.86)

1.24 (1.00)^*

1.03 (0.97)^*

0.89 (0.96)

<.001

MMSE^m, score^d

28.5 (1.4)

28.0 (1.6)^*

28.3 (1.4)

28.3 (1.5)

.002

TMT-Aⁿ, s

42.6 (13.4)

48.7 (14.3)^*

47.9 (15.8)^*

45.4 (14.6)

<.001

TMT-B^o, s

110.5 (44.4)

131.4 (54.1)^*

124.9 (55.9)^*

118.9 (50.8)

.001

TMT-difference, s

67.9 (38.3)

82.7 (48.2)^*

77.0 (48.9)

73.5 (44.1)

.002

FES-I, score^a

20.4 (4.2)

23.6 (5.8)^*

25.5 (8.2)^*

22.6 (6.4)

<.001

GDS^p, score^c

1.8 (1.7)

2.4 (1.9)^*

2.8 (2.2)^*

2.2 (2.0)

<.001

Physical activity^q, h/week

33.0 (15.9)

30.0 (15.5)

29.9 (16.5)

31.5 (16.1)

.040

WHODAS^r, score^b

16.4 (5.2)

20.3 (5.7)^*

20.5 (7.4)^*

18.4 (6.4)

<.001

Table 1

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Demographic, health, physical, neuropsychological, psychological and activity measures for the low, intermediate and high fall risk groups using the modified algorithm. Data are means (SD) unless otherwise stated.

	Low-risk group N = 349	Intermediate-risk group N = 127	High-risk group N = 217	Total sample N = 693	Group effect, P
Age, years	77.7 (4.3)	80.0 (5.1)^*	79.3 (4.5)^*	78.7 (4.6)	<.001
Female, n (%)	179 (51.3)	64 (50.4)	120 (55.3)	363 (52.4)	.574
Number of medical conditions^e,**	2.0 (1.2)	2.1 (1.1)	2.2 (1.1)	2.1 (1.1)	.149
Medications^f—total n (%)	4.8 (3.4)	5.6 (3.1)^*	5.4 (3.3)	5.1 (3.3)	.017
Psychotropic medications^g, n (%)	57 (16.3)	23 (18.1)	49 (22.6)	129 (18.8)	.149
Cardiovascular medications^h, n (%)	82 (23.5)	25 (19.7)	67 (30.9)^*,#	174 (25.4)	.038
TUG test timeⁱ, s	8.1 (1.2)	12.5 (2.9)^*	10.7 (3.7)^*,#	9.7 (3.1)	<.001
TUG >10 s, n (%)	0 (0)	127 (100)^*	104 (47.9)^*,#	231 (33.3)	<.001
Grip strength^j, kg	29.0 (10.4)	25.4 (10.4)^*	24.4 (11.2)^*	26.9 (10.8)	<.001
Sway-foam^k, mm	173.3 (79.4)	216.6 (107.7)^*	211.6 (101.4)^*	193.3 (94.3)	<.001
PPA fall risk^l, score	0.67 (0.86)	1.24 (1.00)^*	1.03 (0.97)^*	0.89 (0.96)	<.001
MMSE^m, score^d	28.5 (1.4)	28.0 (1.6)^*	28.3 (1.4)	28.3 (1.5)	.002
TMT-Aⁿ, s	42.6 (13.4)	48.7 (14.3)^*	47.9 (15.8)^*	45.4 (14.6)	<.001
TMT-B^o, s	110.5 (44.4)	131.4 (54.1)^*	124.9 (55.9)^*	118.9 (50.8)	.001
TMT-difference, s	67.9 (38.3)	82.7 (48.2)^*	77.0 (48.9)	73.5 (44.1)	.002
FES-I, score^a	20.4 (4.2)	23.6 (5.8)^*	25.5 (8.2)^*	22.6 (6.4)	<.001
GDS^p, score^c	1.8 (1.7)	2.4 (1.9)^*	2.8 (2.2)^*	2.2 (2.0)	<.001
Physical activity^q, h/week	33.0 (15.9)	30.0 (15.5)	29.9 (16.5)	31.5 (16.1)	.040
WHODAS^r, score^b	16.4 (5.2)	20.3 (5.7)^*	20.5 (7.4)^*	18.4 (6.4)	<.001

	Low-risk group N = 349	Intermediate-risk group N = 127	High-risk group N = 217	Total sample N = 693	Group effect, P
Age, years	77.7 (4.3)	80.0 (5.1)^*	79.3 (4.5)^*	78.7 (4.6)	<.001
Female, n (%)	179 (51.3)	64 (50.4)	120 (55.3)	363 (52.4)	.574
Number of medical conditions^e,**	2.0 (1.2)	2.1 (1.1)	2.2 (1.1)	2.1 (1.1)	.149
Medications^f—total n (%)	4.8 (3.4)	5.6 (3.1)^*	5.4 (3.3)	5.1 (3.3)	.017
Psychotropic medications^g, n (%)	57 (16.3)	23 (18.1)	49 (22.6)	129 (18.8)	.149
Cardiovascular medications^h, n (%)	82 (23.5)	25 (19.7)	67 (30.9)^*,#	174 (25.4)	.038
TUG test timeⁱ, s	8.1 (1.2)	12.5 (2.9)^*	10.7 (3.7)^*,#	9.7 (3.1)	<.001
TUG >10 s, n (%)	0 (0)	127 (100)^*	104 (47.9)^*,#	231 (33.3)	<.001
Grip strength^j, kg	29.0 (10.4)	25.4 (10.4)^*	24.4 (11.2)^*	26.9 (10.8)	<.001
Sway-foam^k, mm	173.3 (79.4)	216.6 (107.7)^*	211.6 (101.4)^*	193.3 (94.3)	<.001
PPA fall risk^l, score	0.67 (0.86)	1.24 (1.00)^*	1.03 (0.97)^*	0.89 (0.96)	<.001
MMSE^m, score^d	28.5 (1.4)	28.0 (1.6)^*	28.3 (1.4)	28.3 (1.5)	.002
TMT-Aⁿ, s	42.6 (13.4)	48.7 (14.3)^*	47.9 (15.8)^*	45.4 (14.6)	<.001
TMT-B^o, s	110.5 (44.4)	131.4 (54.1)^*	124.9 (55.9)^*	118.9 (50.8)	.001
TMT-difference, s	67.9 (38.3)	82.7 (48.2)^*	77.0 (48.9)	73.5 (44.1)	.002
FES-I, score^a	20.4 (4.2)	23.6 (5.8)^*	25.5 (8.2)^*	22.6 (6.4)	<.001
GDS^p, score^c	1.8 (1.7)	2.4 (1.9)^*	2.8 (2.2)^*	2.2 (2.0)	<.001
Physical activity^q, h/week	33.0 (15.9)	30.0 (15.5)	29.9 (16.5)	31.5 (16.1)	.040
WHODAS^r, score^b	16.4 (5.2)	20.3 (5.7)^*	20.5 (7.4)^*	18.4 (6.4)	<.001

^*Significantly different to the low-risk group P < .05 using post hoc Tukey tests.

^#Significant difference between the intermediate and high-risk groups, likely reflecting a TUG time >10 s being necessary for classification into the intermediate-risk group but not for the high-risk group.

^**Summed from the presence of heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, stroke, arthritis, osteoporosis and cancer history.

^aFalls Efficacy Scale International = 16 (no concern about falling) to 64 (severe concern about falling), ^bWorld Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule = 0 (no disability) to 100 (full disability), ^cGeriatric Depression Scale = 0 (normal) to 15 (severe depression), ^dMini-Mental State Examination = 30 (normal) to 0 (<24 indicates possible cognitive impairment).

Number of missing data points, ^en = 7, ^fn = 8, ^gn = 8, ^hn = 8, ⁱn = 34, ^jn = 33, ^kn = 4, ^ln = 1, ^mn = 9, ⁿn = 19, ^on = 51, ^pn = 13, ^qn = 17, ^rn = 30.

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