| . | Dairy farms . | Arable farms . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable . | Mean . | SD . | Mean . | SD . |
| Output (€) | 294,148 | 207,916 | 338,670 | 353,416 |
| Land (ha) | 61.5 | 38.6 | 100.8 | 78.7 |
| Labor (working units) | 1.9 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 1.6 |
| Dairy cows (heads) | 108.3 | 73.9 | ||
| Intermediates (€) | 146,618 | 107,578 | 141,007 | 124,031 |
| Capital (€) | 388,333 | 326,471 | 517,703 | 658,293 |
| Output (€) per worker | 152,383 | 71,389 | 154,196 | 78,755 |
| Cows per worker | 56.9 | 26.8 | ||
| Hectares per worker | 53.9 | 28.0 | ||
| Milk (kg) per cow | 7,993 | 1,348 | ||
| Output (€) per hectare | 3,151 | 1,521 | ||
| Technical efficiency (%) | 0.89 | 0.05 | 0.71 | 0.15 |
| CO2eq (kg) per kg milk | 1.56 | 0.30 | ||
| Energy (MJ) per unit of output | 0.64 | 0.29 | 3.57 | 4.11 |
| Nitrogen surplus (kg N) per hectare | 143.7 | 89.3 | 92.8 | 54.3 |
| Phosphorus surplus (kg P2O5) per hectare | 5.2 | 24.4 | 13.6 | 27.3 |
| Ammonia emissions (kg NH3) per hectare | 44.3 | 23.7 | 14.4 | 10.0 |
| Pesticide load (thousand points) | 7.2 | 36.8 | 82.1 | 98.6 |
| Somatic cell count (thousand cells per ml) | 200.3 | 65.8 | ||
| . | Dairy farms . | Arable farms . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable . | Mean . | SD . | Mean . | SD . |
| Output (€) | 294,148 | 207,916 | 338,670 | 353,416 |
| Land (ha) | 61.5 | 38.6 | 100.8 | 78.7 |
| Labor (working units) | 1.9 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 1.6 |
| Dairy cows (heads) | 108.3 | 73.9 | ||
| Intermediates (€) | 146,618 | 107,578 | 141,007 | 124,031 |
| Capital (€) | 388,333 | 326,471 | 517,703 | 658,293 |
| Output (€) per worker | 152,383 | 71,389 | 154,196 | 78,755 |
| Cows per worker | 56.9 | 26.8 | ||
| Hectares per worker | 53.9 | 28.0 | ||
| Milk (kg) per cow | 7,993 | 1,348 | ||
| Output (€) per hectare | 3,151 | 1,521 | ||
| Technical efficiency (%) | 0.89 | 0.05 | 0.71 | 0.15 |
| CO2eq (kg) per kg milk | 1.56 | 0.30 | ||
| Energy (MJ) per unit of output | 0.64 | 0.29 | 3.57 | 4.11 |
| Nitrogen surplus (kg N) per hectare | 143.7 | 89.3 | 92.8 | 54.3 |
| Phosphorus surplus (kg P2O5) per hectare | 5.2 | 24.4 | 13.6 | 27.3 |
| Ammonia emissions (kg NH3) per hectare | 44.3 | 23.7 | 14.4 | 10.0 |
| Pesticide load (thousand points) | 7.2 | 36.8 | 82.1 | 98.6 |
| Somatic cell count (thousand cells per ml) | 200.3 | 65.8 | ||
Note: The numbers are unweighted averages across the whole sample period (2008–2017). ‘Unit of output’ is kilograms of milk for dairy farms and euros for arable farms. Monetary values are in real values (2000 = 100).
| . | Dairy farms . | Arable farms . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable . | Mean . | SD . | Mean . | SD . |
| Output (€) | 294,148 | 207,916 | 338,670 | 353,416 |
| Land (ha) | 61.5 | 38.6 | 100.8 | 78.7 |
| Labor (working units) | 1.9 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 1.6 |
| Dairy cows (heads) | 108.3 | 73.9 | ||
| Intermediates (€) | 146,618 | 107,578 | 141,007 | 124,031 |
| Capital (€) | 388,333 | 326,471 | 517,703 | 658,293 |
| Output (€) per worker | 152,383 | 71,389 | 154,196 | 78,755 |
| Cows per worker | 56.9 | 26.8 | ||
| Hectares per worker | 53.9 | 28.0 | ||
| Milk (kg) per cow | 7,993 | 1,348 | ||
| Output (€) per hectare | 3,151 | 1,521 | ||
| Technical efficiency (%) | 0.89 | 0.05 | 0.71 | 0.15 |
| CO2eq (kg) per kg milk | 1.56 | 0.30 | ||
| Energy (MJ) per unit of output | 0.64 | 0.29 | 3.57 | 4.11 |
| Nitrogen surplus (kg N) per hectare | 143.7 | 89.3 | 92.8 | 54.3 |
| Phosphorus surplus (kg P2O5) per hectare | 5.2 | 24.4 | 13.6 | 27.3 |
| Ammonia emissions (kg NH3) per hectare | 44.3 | 23.7 | 14.4 | 10.0 |
| Pesticide load (thousand points) | 7.2 | 36.8 | 82.1 | 98.6 |
| Somatic cell count (thousand cells per ml) | 200.3 | 65.8 | ||
| . | Dairy farms . | Arable farms . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable . | Mean . | SD . | Mean . | SD . |
| Output (€) | 294,148 | 207,916 | 338,670 | 353,416 |
| Land (ha) | 61.5 | 38.6 | 100.8 | 78.7 |
| Labor (working units) | 1.9 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 1.6 |
| Dairy cows (heads) | 108.3 | 73.9 | ||
| Intermediates (€) | 146,618 | 107,578 | 141,007 | 124,031 |
| Capital (€) | 388,333 | 326,471 | 517,703 | 658,293 |
| Output (€) per worker | 152,383 | 71,389 | 154,196 | 78,755 |
| Cows per worker | 56.9 | 26.8 | ||
| Hectares per worker | 53.9 | 28.0 | ||
| Milk (kg) per cow | 7,993 | 1,348 | ||
| Output (€) per hectare | 3,151 | 1,521 | ||
| Technical efficiency (%) | 0.89 | 0.05 | 0.71 | 0.15 |
| CO2eq (kg) per kg milk | 1.56 | 0.30 | ||
| Energy (MJ) per unit of output | 0.64 | 0.29 | 3.57 | 4.11 |
| Nitrogen surplus (kg N) per hectare | 143.7 | 89.3 | 92.8 | 54.3 |
| Phosphorus surplus (kg P2O5) per hectare | 5.2 | 24.4 | 13.6 | 27.3 |
| Ammonia emissions (kg NH3) per hectare | 44.3 | 23.7 | 14.4 | 10.0 |
| Pesticide load (thousand points) | 7.2 | 36.8 | 82.1 | 98.6 |
| Somatic cell count (thousand cells per ml) | 200.3 | 65.8 | ||
Note: The numbers are unweighted averages across the whole sample period (2008–2017). ‘Unit of output’ is kilograms of milk for dairy farms and euros for arable farms. Monetary values are in real values (2000 = 100).
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only
View Article Abstract & Purchase OptionsFor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.
