Table 5.
Open in new tab

Environmental and social effects by innovation for dairy farms.

 CO2eq per kg milkEnergy per kg milk (MJ)Nitrogen surplus per ha (kg)Phosphorus surplus per ha (kg)Ammonia emission per ha (kg)Pesticide load (index points)Somatic cell count
Process innovation       
 Machinery and equipment in t0.0080.040***−11.8−5.0**−0.6−13.8−0.004
 (0.008)(0.014)(7.6)(2.4)(1.0)(17.6)(0.015)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.0010.0048.2*1.6−0.7−2.80.010
 (0.006)(0.010)(4.6)(1.6)(0.7)(6.5)(0.012)
 Buildings in t−0.0070.077***−13.3−4.12.314.90.033
 (0.014)(0.026)(11.8)(4.4)(2.7)(10.8)(0.032)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.005−0.030**−3.6−1.1−0.5−1.9−0.022
 (0.008)(0.013)(5.6)(2.1)(1.1)(9.9)(0.017)
 Herd and farm management, new techniques in t0.050**0.015−9.40.63.7167.10.019
 (0.022)(0.038)(14.8)(5.5)(3.7)(153.2)(0.049)
  in t − 1 or t − 20.0120.044**−2.1−3.2−0.1−47.90.016
 (0.010)(0.020)(9.1)(4.2)(2.3)(57.9)(0.025)
Organizational and marketing innovation
 Business organization and management in t−0.008−0.0170.3−1.2−1.9−50.6*0.014
 (0.013)(0.015)(10.4)(3.5)(1.3)(30.3)(0.047)
  in t − 1 or t − 20.0010.008−4.10.20.116.7***0.012
 (0.008)(0.011)(5.1)(1.9)(1.1)(6.3)(0.015)
 Other OM innovation in t−0.003−0.014−−1.14.2−4.8***−15.90.018
 (0.020)(0.040)(10.3)(3.9)(1.6)(13.9)(0.034)
  in t − 1 or t − 20.0120.0352.5−0.33.2−6.1−0.010
 (0.014)(0.022)(8.2)(3.2)(2.6)(12.6)(0.023)
Product innovation in t−0.042**0.0040.5−1.23.216.0−0.051
 (0.021)(0.042)(14.2)(4.9)(2.4)(11.3)(0.053)
 in t − 1 or t − 20.042**0.0271.33.8−0.35.20.047
 (0.016)(0.049)(13.0)(5.0)(1.5)(10.6)(0.033)
Farm size−0.133***−0.518***−56.5*−12.64.928.60.056
 (0.050)(0.084)(31.4)(11.8)(7.0)(63.7)(0.099)
Degree of specialization−0.031−0.147***82.0***17.7***3.671.50.002
 (0.019)(0.042)(20.8)(6.1)(2.9)(52.6)(0.041)
Organic−0.0490.224*−50.1**−5.2−12.7***−21.30.058
 (0.069)(0.120)(19.6)(5.2)(4.0)(14.2)(0.057)
Age of farmer0.0010.004**−1.9***−0.6***−0.1−2.4−0.002
 (0.001)(0.002)(0.6)(0.2)(0.1)(1.7)(0.001)
Age of farmer²0.0000.000*0.0**0.0***0.00.00.000
 (0.000)(0.000)(0.0)(0.0)(0.0)(0.0)(0.000)
Training−0.023−0.06412.10.70.328.3−0.015
 (0.033)(0.046)(16.4)(10.2)(1.7)(46.5)(0.043)
New manager−0.0070.042**−12.0−3.1−0.317.0−0.046
 (0.012)(0.018)(10.1)(3.3)(1.8)(12.4)(0.034)
No successor0.013−0.0083.41.60.90.40.021
 (0.014)(0.030)(8.8)(3.0)(2.1)(12.1)(0.037)
Year (2009 = base level)       
 20100.059***0.060***12.36.610.6***29.7*n.a.
 (0.012)(0.021)(11.5)(4.1)(2.5)(17.6) 
 20110.0150.024−2.60.10.627.2n.a.
 (0.010)(0.019)(9.0)(3.1)(1.4)(18.8) 
 20120.031***0.017−12.0−3.6−0.740.5Base level
 (0.009)(0.019)(8.4)(3.0)(1.3)(39.9) 
 20130.187***0.048**2.59.1**8.6***17.40.038
 (0.014)(0.022)(9.4)(3.7)(1.7)(47.0)(0.038)
 20140.0010.026−31.9***−17.9***0.02.40.034
 (0.009)(0.019)(8.7)(3.3)(1.3)(19.0)(0.022)
 20150.003−0.003−2.19.1***−2.3*−11.9−0.011
 (0.010)(0.018)(8.4)(3.2)(1.3)(19.2)(0.022)
 2016−0.0220.061***5.61.7−0.8−9.90.088***
 (0.013)(0.022)(10.4)(3.8)(1.6)(15.5)(0.028)
 2017−0.090***0.007−30.2***0.62.6*27.2*−0.052**
 (0.011)(0.019)(9.6)(3.4)(1.4)(14.8)(0.022)
Region (1 = base level)       
 20.012***0.013**−1.6−1.1−0.2−3.8−0.015
 (0.004)(0.006)(2.5)(0.8)(0.7)(7.8)(0.010)
 30.0060.0156.1*1.4−1.2−0.8−0.009
 (0.005)(0.010)(3.3)(1.0)(0.8)(4.6)(0.013)
 40.0050.003−0.3−0.7−0.85.20.007
 (0.004)(0.008)(3.2)(1.0)(0.8)(5.2)(0.010)
Adjusted R²0.3130.0770.0200.0620.084−0.0080.051
Number of observations1,8111,8611,8621,8621,8621,8621,293
 CO2eq per kg milkEnergy per kg milk (MJ)Nitrogen surplus per ha (kg)Phosphorus surplus per ha (kg)Ammonia emission per ha (kg)Pesticide load (index points)Somatic cell count
Process innovation       
 Machinery and equipment in t0.0080.040***−11.8−5.0**−0.6−13.8−0.004
 (0.008)(0.014)(7.6)(2.4)(1.0)(17.6)(0.015)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.0010.0048.2*1.6−0.7−2.80.010
 (0.006)(0.010)(4.6)(1.6)(0.7)(6.5)(0.012)
 Buildings in t−0.0070.077***−13.3−4.12.314.90.033
 (0.014)(0.026)(11.8)(4.4)(2.7)(10.8)(0.032)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.005−0.030**−3.6−1.1−0.5−1.9−0.022
 (0.008)(0.013)(5.6)(2.1)(1.1)(9.9)(0.017)
 Herd and farm management, new techniques in t0.050**0.015−9.40.63.7167.10.019
 (0.022)(0.038)(14.8)(5.5)(3.7)(153.2)(0.049)
  in t − 1 or t − 20.0120.044**−2.1−3.2−0.1−47.90.016
 (0.010)(0.020)(9.1)(4.2)(2.3)(57.9)(0.025)
Organizational and marketing innovation
 Business organization and management in t−0.008−0.0170.3−1.2−1.9−50.6*0.014
 (0.013)(0.015)(10.4)(3.5)(1.3)(30.3)(0.047)
  in t − 1 or t − 20.0010.008−4.10.20.116.7***0.012
 (0.008)(0.011)(5.1)(1.9)(1.1)(6.3)(0.015)
 Other OM innovation in t−0.003−0.014−−1.14.2−4.8***−15.90.018
 (0.020)(0.040)(10.3)(3.9)(1.6)(13.9)(0.034)
  in t − 1 or t − 20.0120.0352.5−0.33.2−6.1−0.010
 (0.014)(0.022)(8.2)(3.2)(2.6)(12.6)(0.023)
Product innovation in t−0.042**0.0040.5−1.23.216.0−0.051
 (0.021)(0.042)(14.2)(4.9)(2.4)(11.3)(0.053)
 in t − 1 or t − 20.042**0.0271.33.8−0.35.20.047
 (0.016)(0.049)(13.0)(5.0)(1.5)(10.6)(0.033)
Farm size−0.133***−0.518***−56.5*−12.64.928.60.056
 (0.050)(0.084)(31.4)(11.8)(7.0)(63.7)(0.099)
Degree of specialization−0.031−0.147***82.0***17.7***3.671.50.002
 (0.019)(0.042)(20.8)(6.1)(2.9)(52.6)(0.041)
Organic−0.0490.224*−50.1**−5.2−12.7***−21.30.058
 (0.069)(0.120)(19.6)(5.2)(4.0)(14.2)(0.057)
Age of farmer0.0010.004**−1.9***−0.6***−0.1−2.4−0.002
 (0.001)(0.002)(0.6)(0.2)(0.1)(1.7)(0.001)
Age of farmer²0.0000.000*0.0**0.0***0.00.00.000
 (0.000)(0.000)(0.0)(0.0)(0.0)(0.0)(0.000)
Training−0.023−0.06412.10.70.328.3−0.015
 (0.033)(0.046)(16.4)(10.2)(1.7)(46.5)(0.043)
New manager−0.0070.042**−12.0−3.1−0.317.0−0.046
 (0.012)(0.018)(10.1)(3.3)(1.8)(12.4)(0.034)
No successor0.013−0.0083.41.60.90.40.021
 (0.014)(0.030)(8.8)(3.0)(2.1)(12.1)(0.037)
Year (2009 = base level)       
 20100.059***0.060***12.36.610.6***29.7*n.a.
 (0.012)(0.021)(11.5)(4.1)(2.5)(17.6) 
 20110.0150.024−2.60.10.627.2n.a.
 (0.010)(0.019)(9.0)(3.1)(1.4)(18.8) 
 20120.031***0.017−12.0−3.6−0.740.5Base level
 (0.009)(0.019)(8.4)(3.0)(1.3)(39.9) 
 20130.187***0.048**2.59.1**8.6***17.40.038
 (0.014)(0.022)(9.4)(3.7)(1.7)(47.0)(0.038)
 20140.0010.026−31.9***−17.9***0.02.40.034
 (0.009)(0.019)(8.7)(3.3)(1.3)(19.0)(0.022)
 20150.003−0.003−2.19.1***−2.3*−11.9−0.011
 (0.010)(0.018)(8.4)(3.2)(1.3)(19.2)(0.022)
 2016−0.0220.061***5.61.7−0.8−9.90.088***
 (0.013)(0.022)(10.4)(3.8)(1.6)(15.5)(0.028)
 2017−0.090***0.007−30.2***0.62.6*27.2*−0.052**
 (0.011)(0.019)(9.6)(3.4)(1.4)(14.8)(0.022)
Region (1 = base level)       
 20.012***0.013**−1.6−1.1−0.2−3.8−0.015
 (0.004)(0.006)(2.5)(0.8)(0.7)(7.8)(0.010)
 30.0060.0156.1*1.4−1.2−0.8−0.009
 (0.005)(0.010)(3.3)(1.0)(0.8)(4.6)(0.013)
 40.0050.003−0.3−0.7−0.85.20.007
 (0.004)(0.008)(3.2)(1.0)(0.8)(5.2)(0.010)
Adjusted R²0.3130.0770.0200.0620.084−0.0080.051
Number of observations1,8111,8611,8621,8621,8621,8621,293

Note: Levels of statistical significance are 10% (*), 5% (**), and 1% (***).

Table 5.
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Environmental and social effects by innovation for dairy farms.

 CO2eq per kg milkEnergy per kg milk (MJ)Nitrogen surplus per ha (kg)Phosphorus surplus per ha (kg)Ammonia emission per ha (kg)Pesticide load (index points)Somatic cell count
Process innovation       
 Machinery and equipment in t0.0080.040***−11.8−5.0**−0.6−13.8−0.004
 (0.008)(0.014)(7.6)(2.4)(1.0)(17.6)(0.015)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.0010.0048.2*1.6−0.7−2.80.010
 (0.006)(0.010)(4.6)(1.6)(0.7)(6.5)(0.012)
 Buildings in t−0.0070.077***−13.3−4.12.314.90.033
 (0.014)(0.026)(11.8)(4.4)(2.7)(10.8)(0.032)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.005−0.030**−3.6−1.1−0.5−1.9−0.022
 (0.008)(0.013)(5.6)(2.1)(1.1)(9.9)(0.017)
 Herd and farm management, new techniques in t0.050**0.015−9.40.63.7167.10.019
 (0.022)(0.038)(14.8)(5.5)(3.7)(153.2)(0.049)
  in t − 1 or t − 20.0120.044**−2.1−3.2−0.1−47.90.016
 (0.010)(0.020)(9.1)(4.2)(2.3)(57.9)(0.025)
Organizational and marketing innovation
 Business organization and management in t−0.008−0.0170.3−1.2−1.9−50.6*0.014
 (0.013)(0.015)(10.4)(3.5)(1.3)(30.3)(0.047)
  in t − 1 or t − 20.0010.008−4.10.20.116.7***0.012
 (0.008)(0.011)(5.1)(1.9)(1.1)(6.3)(0.015)
 Other OM innovation in t−0.003−0.014−−1.14.2−4.8***−15.90.018
 (0.020)(0.040)(10.3)(3.9)(1.6)(13.9)(0.034)
  in t − 1 or t − 20.0120.0352.5−0.33.2−6.1−0.010
 (0.014)(0.022)(8.2)(3.2)(2.6)(12.6)(0.023)
Product innovation in t−0.042**0.0040.5−1.23.216.0−0.051
 (0.021)(0.042)(14.2)(4.9)(2.4)(11.3)(0.053)
 in t − 1 or t − 20.042**0.0271.33.8−0.35.20.047
 (0.016)(0.049)(13.0)(5.0)(1.5)(10.6)(0.033)
Farm size−0.133***−0.518***−56.5*−12.64.928.60.056
 (0.050)(0.084)(31.4)(11.8)(7.0)(63.7)(0.099)
Degree of specialization−0.031−0.147***82.0***17.7***3.671.50.002
 (0.019)(0.042)(20.8)(6.1)(2.9)(52.6)(0.041)
Organic−0.0490.224*−50.1**−5.2−12.7***−21.30.058
 (0.069)(0.120)(19.6)(5.2)(4.0)(14.2)(0.057)
Age of farmer0.0010.004**−1.9***−0.6***−0.1−2.4−0.002
 (0.001)(0.002)(0.6)(0.2)(0.1)(1.7)(0.001)
Age of farmer²0.0000.000*0.0**0.0***0.00.00.000
 (0.000)(0.000)(0.0)(0.0)(0.0)(0.0)(0.000)
Training−0.023−0.06412.10.70.328.3−0.015
 (0.033)(0.046)(16.4)(10.2)(1.7)(46.5)(0.043)
New manager−0.0070.042**−12.0−3.1−0.317.0−0.046
 (0.012)(0.018)(10.1)(3.3)(1.8)(12.4)(0.034)
No successor0.013−0.0083.41.60.90.40.021
 (0.014)(0.030)(8.8)(3.0)(2.1)(12.1)(0.037)
Year (2009 = base level)       
 20100.059***0.060***12.36.610.6***29.7*n.a.
 (0.012)(0.021)(11.5)(4.1)(2.5)(17.6) 
 20110.0150.024−2.60.10.627.2n.a.
 (0.010)(0.019)(9.0)(3.1)(1.4)(18.8) 
 20120.031***0.017−12.0−3.6−0.740.5Base level
 (0.009)(0.019)(8.4)(3.0)(1.3)(39.9) 
 20130.187***0.048**2.59.1**8.6***17.40.038
 (0.014)(0.022)(9.4)(3.7)(1.7)(47.0)(0.038)
 20140.0010.026−31.9***−17.9***0.02.40.034
 (0.009)(0.019)(8.7)(3.3)(1.3)(19.0)(0.022)
 20150.003−0.003−2.19.1***−2.3*−11.9−0.011
 (0.010)(0.018)(8.4)(3.2)(1.3)(19.2)(0.022)
 2016−0.0220.061***5.61.7−0.8−9.90.088***
 (0.013)(0.022)(10.4)(3.8)(1.6)(15.5)(0.028)
 2017−0.090***0.007−30.2***0.62.6*27.2*−0.052**
 (0.011)(0.019)(9.6)(3.4)(1.4)(14.8)(0.022)
Region (1 = base level)       
 20.012***0.013**−1.6−1.1−0.2−3.8−0.015
 (0.004)(0.006)(2.5)(0.8)(0.7)(7.8)(0.010)
 30.0060.0156.1*1.4−1.2−0.8−0.009
 (0.005)(0.010)(3.3)(1.0)(0.8)(4.6)(0.013)
 40.0050.003−0.3−0.7−0.85.20.007
 (0.004)(0.008)(3.2)(1.0)(0.8)(5.2)(0.010)
Adjusted R²0.3130.0770.0200.0620.084−0.0080.051
Number of observations1,8111,8611,8621,8621,8621,8621,293
 CO2eq per kg milkEnergy per kg milk (MJ)Nitrogen surplus per ha (kg)Phosphorus surplus per ha (kg)Ammonia emission per ha (kg)Pesticide load (index points)Somatic cell count
Process innovation       
 Machinery and equipment in t0.0080.040***−11.8−5.0**−0.6−13.8−0.004
 (0.008)(0.014)(7.6)(2.4)(1.0)(17.6)(0.015)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.0010.0048.2*1.6−0.7−2.80.010
 (0.006)(0.010)(4.6)(1.6)(0.7)(6.5)(0.012)
 Buildings in t−0.0070.077***−13.3−4.12.314.90.033
 (0.014)(0.026)(11.8)(4.4)(2.7)(10.8)(0.032)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.005−0.030**−3.6−1.1−0.5−1.9−0.022
 (0.008)(0.013)(5.6)(2.1)(1.1)(9.9)(0.017)
 Herd and farm management, new techniques in t0.050**0.015−9.40.63.7167.10.019
 (0.022)(0.038)(14.8)(5.5)(3.7)(153.2)(0.049)
  in t − 1 or t − 20.0120.044**−2.1−3.2−0.1−47.90.016
 (0.010)(0.020)(9.1)(4.2)(2.3)(57.9)(0.025)
Organizational and marketing innovation
 Business organization and management in t−0.008−0.0170.3−1.2−1.9−50.6*0.014
 (0.013)(0.015)(10.4)(3.5)(1.3)(30.3)(0.047)
  in t − 1 or t − 20.0010.008−4.10.20.116.7***0.012
 (0.008)(0.011)(5.1)(1.9)(1.1)(6.3)(0.015)
 Other OM innovation in t−0.003−0.014−−1.14.2−4.8***−15.90.018
 (0.020)(0.040)(10.3)(3.9)(1.6)(13.9)(0.034)
  in t − 1 or t − 20.0120.0352.5−0.33.2−6.1−0.010
 (0.014)(0.022)(8.2)(3.2)(2.6)(12.6)(0.023)
Product innovation in t−0.042**0.0040.5−1.23.216.0−0.051
 (0.021)(0.042)(14.2)(4.9)(2.4)(11.3)(0.053)
 in t − 1 or t − 20.042**0.0271.33.8−0.35.20.047
 (0.016)(0.049)(13.0)(5.0)(1.5)(10.6)(0.033)
Farm size−0.133***−0.518***−56.5*−12.64.928.60.056
 (0.050)(0.084)(31.4)(11.8)(7.0)(63.7)(0.099)
Degree of specialization−0.031−0.147***82.0***17.7***3.671.50.002
 (0.019)(0.042)(20.8)(6.1)(2.9)(52.6)(0.041)
Organic−0.0490.224*−50.1**−5.2−12.7***−21.30.058
 (0.069)(0.120)(19.6)(5.2)(4.0)(14.2)(0.057)
Age of farmer0.0010.004**−1.9***−0.6***−0.1−2.4−0.002
 (0.001)(0.002)(0.6)(0.2)(0.1)(1.7)(0.001)
Age of farmer²0.0000.000*0.0**0.0***0.00.00.000
 (0.000)(0.000)(0.0)(0.0)(0.0)(0.0)(0.000)
Training−0.023−0.06412.10.70.328.3−0.015
 (0.033)(0.046)(16.4)(10.2)(1.7)(46.5)(0.043)
New manager−0.0070.042**−12.0−3.1−0.317.0−0.046
 (0.012)(0.018)(10.1)(3.3)(1.8)(12.4)(0.034)
No successor0.013−0.0083.41.60.90.40.021
 (0.014)(0.030)(8.8)(3.0)(2.1)(12.1)(0.037)
Year (2009 = base level)       
 20100.059***0.060***12.36.610.6***29.7*n.a.
 (0.012)(0.021)(11.5)(4.1)(2.5)(17.6) 
 20110.0150.024−2.60.10.627.2n.a.
 (0.010)(0.019)(9.0)(3.1)(1.4)(18.8) 
 20120.031***0.017−12.0−3.6−0.740.5Base level
 (0.009)(0.019)(8.4)(3.0)(1.3)(39.9) 
 20130.187***0.048**2.59.1**8.6***17.40.038
 (0.014)(0.022)(9.4)(3.7)(1.7)(47.0)(0.038)
 20140.0010.026−31.9***−17.9***0.02.40.034
 (0.009)(0.019)(8.7)(3.3)(1.3)(19.0)(0.022)
 20150.003−0.003−2.19.1***−2.3*−11.9−0.011
 (0.010)(0.018)(8.4)(3.2)(1.3)(19.2)(0.022)
 2016−0.0220.061***5.61.7−0.8−9.90.088***
 (0.013)(0.022)(10.4)(3.8)(1.6)(15.5)(0.028)
 2017−0.090***0.007−30.2***0.62.6*27.2*−0.052**
 (0.011)(0.019)(9.6)(3.4)(1.4)(14.8)(0.022)
Region (1 = base level)       
 20.012***0.013**−1.6−1.1−0.2−3.8−0.015
 (0.004)(0.006)(2.5)(0.8)(0.7)(7.8)(0.010)
 30.0060.0156.1*1.4−1.2−0.8−0.009
 (0.005)(0.010)(3.3)(1.0)(0.8)(4.6)(0.013)
 40.0050.003−0.3−0.7−0.85.20.007
 (0.004)(0.008)(3.2)(1.0)(0.8)(5.2)(0.010)
Adjusted R²0.3130.0770.0200.0620.084−0.0080.051
Number of observations1,8111,8611,8621,8621,8621,8621,293

Note: Levels of statistical significance are 10% (*), 5% (**), and 1% (***).

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