Table 7.
Open in new tab

Environmental effects by innovation for arable farms.

 Energy per outputNitrogen surplus per haPhosphorus surplus per haAmmonia emissions per haPesticide load
Process innovation     
 Machinery and equipment in t0.0634.45.70.7−10.8
 (0.043)(6.2)(4.6)(0.8)(57.1)
  in t − 1 or t − 20.024−2.4−0.60.4−39.8
 (0.034)(5.3)(2.8)(0.9)(35.8)
 Buildings in t0.139−16.72.2−2.1**34.7
 (0.148)(13.6)(9.5)(0.9)(78.8)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.02910.4−1.43.9***−38.5
 (0.069)(9.5)(5.7)(1.3)(91.5)
 Farm management, new techniques in t0.08011.61.30.7−57.9
 (0.104)(12.7)(3.5)(2.2)(110.9)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.03619.6*9.5***0.0667.7
 (0.084)(10.1)(3.4)(1.2)(632.6)
 GPS systems in t−0.0311.7−3.71.9*44.6
 (0.061)(7.4)(4.9)(1.1)(52.9)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.050−5.7−1.10.02.5
 (0.040)(4.6)(2.4)(0.7)(47.5)
Organizational and marketing innovation
 Business organization and management in t−0.007−4.9−2.4−2.138.9
 (0.060)(8.8)(5.0)(1.8)(97.9)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.0122.0−2.6−0.6−61.9
 (0.037)(5.7)(2.9)(1.4)(79.8)
 Other OM innovation in t−0.00610.116.81.3−41.0
 (0.144)(17.6)(10.9)(2.8)(118.0)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.046−26.5*−15.5***−5.7*153.6
 (0.065)(13.7)(4.5)(3.3)(154.7)
Product innovation in t−0.01748.6*15.4*3.7−43.0
 (0.089)(27.9)(8.6)(2.7)(126.2)
 in t − 1 or t − 20.005−7.80.7−3.236.2
 (0.096)(9.1)(3.9)(2.0)(58.3)
Farm size−0.179−22.6*−8.31.4−12.5
 (0.131)(13.6)(8.2)(2.8)(144.9)
Degree of specialization−0.10419.75.42.0−190.7
 (0.084)(12.2)(6.4)(2.3)(117.5)
Age of farmer0.000−0.6−0.4−0.1−3.5
 (0.003)(0.5)(0.3)(0.1)(4.7)
Age of farmer²0.0000.00.00.00.0
 (0.000)(0.0)(0.0)(0.0)(0.1)
Training0.015−12.7−19.23.5−57.2
 (0.125)(17.3)(16.8)(5.3)(147.4)
New manager0.063−1.6−9.01.0−114.4
 (0.077)(16.2)(7.8)(2.4)(72.7)
No successor0.013−2.6−3.40.0−77.0
 (0.082)(4.6)(3.3)(0.9)(75.6)
Year (2009 = base level)     
 20100.0737.916.8**1.391.0
 (0.083)(15.2)(7.8)(1.9)(146.1)
 20110.430***11.67.90.1662.3***
 (0.058)(10.5)(6.1)(1.5)(216.3)
 2012−0.277***−19.2*−0.70.5−36.1
 (0.063)(11.0)(5.6)(1.5)(238.7)
 20130.336***32.5***9.76.2***181.8
 (0.073)(10.9)(6.2)(1.8)(144.0)
 20140.261***2.512.3**1.7292.2**
 (0.055)(11.3)(5.9)(1.6)(116.0)
 20150.179***17.18.61.2172.7
 (0.065)(11.3)(6.3)(1.5)(123.6)
 20160.156**37.8***17.0***−1.6250.1*
 (0.067)(11.7)(5.6)(1.5)(128.6)
 20170.148−10.6−0.41.7238.9**
 (0.090)(10.4)(5.5)(1.5)(111.6)
Region (1 = base level)     
 20.0016.7*5.5***0.0−26.4
 (0.024)(3.7)(1.9)(0.8)(69.0)
 30.0120.60.5−0.750.8
 (0.030)(3.4)(2.5)(0.9)(62.1)
 4−0.033−0.82.9*0.57.8
 (0.025)(3.4)(1.6)(0.5)(33.9)
Adjusted R²0.1870.0740.0480.0660.015
Number of observations590590590590590
 Energy per outputNitrogen surplus per haPhosphorus surplus per haAmmonia emissions per haPesticide load
Process innovation     
 Machinery and equipment in t0.0634.45.70.7−10.8
 (0.043)(6.2)(4.6)(0.8)(57.1)
  in t − 1 or t − 20.024−2.4−0.60.4−39.8
 (0.034)(5.3)(2.8)(0.9)(35.8)
 Buildings in t0.139−16.72.2−2.1**34.7
 (0.148)(13.6)(9.5)(0.9)(78.8)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.02910.4−1.43.9***−38.5
 (0.069)(9.5)(5.7)(1.3)(91.5)
 Farm management, new techniques in t0.08011.61.30.7−57.9
 (0.104)(12.7)(3.5)(2.2)(110.9)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.03619.6*9.5***0.0667.7
 (0.084)(10.1)(3.4)(1.2)(632.6)
 GPS systems in t−0.0311.7−3.71.9*44.6
 (0.061)(7.4)(4.9)(1.1)(52.9)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.050−5.7−1.10.02.5
 (0.040)(4.6)(2.4)(0.7)(47.5)
Organizational and marketing innovation
 Business organization and management in t−0.007−4.9−2.4−2.138.9
 (0.060)(8.8)(5.0)(1.8)(97.9)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.0122.0−2.6−0.6−61.9
 (0.037)(5.7)(2.9)(1.4)(79.8)
 Other OM innovation in t−0.00610.116.81.3−41.0
 (0.144)(17.6)(10.9)(2.8)(118.0)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.046−26.5*−15.5***−5.7*153.6
 (0.065)(13.7)(4.5)(3.3)(154.7)
Product innovation in t−0.01748.6*15.4*3.7−43.0
 (0.089)(27.9)(8.6)(2.7)(126.2)
 in t − 1 or t − 20.005−7.80.7−3.236.2
 (0.096)(9.1)(3.9)(2.0)(58.3)
Farm size−0.179−22.6*−8.31.4−12.5
 (0.131)(13.6)(8.2)(2.8)(144.9)
Degree of specialization−0.10419.75.42.0−190.7
 (0.084)(12.2)(6.4)(2.3)(117.5)
Age of farmer0.000−0.6−0.4−0.1−3.5
 (0.003)(0.5)(0.3)(0.1)(4.7)
Age of farmer²0.0000.00.00.00.0
 (0.000)(0.0)(0.0)(0.0)(0.1)
Training0.015−12.7−19.23.5−57.2
 (0.125)(17.3)(16.8)(5.3)(147.4)
New manager0.063−1.6−9.01.0−114.4
 (0.077)(16.2)(7.8)(2.4)(72.7)
No successor0.013−2.6−3.40.0−77.0
 (0.082)(4.6)(3.3)(0.9)(75.6)
Year (2009 = base level)     
 20100.0737.916.8**1.391.0
 (0.083)(15.2)(7.8)(1.9)(146.1)
 20110.430***11.67.90.1662.3***
 (0.058)(10.5)(6.1)(1.5)(216.3)
 2012−0.277***−19.2*−0.70.5−36.1
 (0.063)(11.0)(5.6)(1.5)(238.7)
 20130.336***32.5***9.76.2***181.8
 (0.073)(10.9)(6.2)(1.8)(144.0)
 20140.261***2.512.3**1.7292.2**
 (0.055)(11.3)(5.9)(1.6)(116.0)
 20150.179***17.18.61.2172.7
 (0.065)(11.3)(6.3)(1.5)(123.6)
 20160.156**37.8***17.0***−1.6250.1*
 (0.067)(11.7)(5.6)(1.5)(128.6)
 20170.148−10.6−0.41.7238.9**
 (0.090)(10.4)(5.5)(1.5)(111.6)
Region (1 = base level)     
 20.0016.7*5.5***0.0−26.4
 (0.024)(3.7)(1.9)(0.8)(69.0)
 30.0120.60.5−0.750.8
 (0.030)(3.4)(2.5)(0.9)(62.1)
 4−0.033−0.82.9*0.57.8
 (0.025)(3.4)(1.6)(0.5)(33.9)
Adjusted R²0.1870.0740.0480.0660.015
Number of observations590590590590590

Note: Levels of statistical significance are 10% (*), 5% (**), and 1% (***).

Table 7.
Open in new tab

Environmental effects by innovation for arable farms.

 Energy per outputNitrogen surplus per haPhosphorus surplus per haAmmonia emissions per haPesticide load
Process innovation     
 Machinery and equipment in t0.0634.45.70.7−10.8
 (0.043)(6.2)(4.6)(0.8)(57.1)
  in t − 1 or t − 20.024−2.4−0.60.4−39.8
 (0.034)(5.3)(2.8)(0.9)(35.8)
 Buildings in t0.139−16.72.2−2.1**34.7
 (0.148)(13.6)(9.5)(0.9)(78.8)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.02910.4−1.43.9***−38.5
 (0.069)(9.5)(5.7)(1.3)(91.5)
 Farm management, new techniques in t0.08011.61.30.7−57.9
 (0.104)(12.7)(3.5)(2.2)(110.9)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.03619.6*9.5***0.0667.7
 (0.084)(10.1)(3.4)(1.2)(632.6)
 GPS systems in t−0.0311.7−3.71.9*44.6
 (0.061)(7.4)(4.9)(1.1)(52.9)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.050−5.7−1.10.02.5
 (0.040)(4.6)(2.4)(0.7)(47.5)
Organizational and marketing innovation
 Business organization and management in t−0.007−4.9−2.4−2.138.9
 (0.060)(8.8)(5.0)(1.8)(97.9)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.0122.0−2.6−0.6−61.9
 (0.037)(5.7)(2.9)(1.4)(79.8)
 Other OM innovation in t−0.00610.116.81.3−41.0
 (0.144)(17.6)(10.9)(2.8)(118.0)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.046−26.5*−15.5***−5.7*153.6
 (0.065)(13.7)(4.5)(3.3)(154.7)
Product innovation in t−0.01748.6*15.4*3.7−43.0
 (0.089)(27.9)(8.6)(2.7)(126.2)
 in t − 1 or t − 20.005−7.80.7−3.236.2
 (0.096)(9.1)(3.9)(2.0)(58.3)
Farm size−0.179−22.6*−8.31.4−12.5
 (0.131)(13.6)(8.2)(2.8)(144.9)
Degree of specialization−0.10419.75.42.0−190.7
 (0.084)(12.2)(6.4)(2.3)(117.5)
Age of farmer0.000−0.6−0.4−0.1−3.5
 (0.003)(0.5)(0.3)(0.1)(4.7)
Age of farmer²0.0000.00.00.00.0
 (0.000)(0.0)(0.0)(0.0)(0.1)
Training0.015−12.7−19.23.5−57.2
 (0.125)(17.3)(16.8)(5.3)(147.4)
New manager0.063−1.6−9.01.0−114.4
 (0.077)(16.2)(7.8)(2.4)(72.7)
No successor0.013−2.6−3.40.0−77.0
 (0.082)(4.6)(3.3)(0.9)(75.6)
Year (2009 = base level)     
 20100.0737.916.8**1.391.0
 (0.083)(15.2)(7.8)(1.9)(146.1)
 20110.430***11.67.90.1662.3***
 (0.058)(10.5)(6.1)(1.5)(216.3)
 2012−0.277***−19.2*−0.70.5−36.1
 (0.063)(11.0)(5.6)(1.5)(238.7)
 20130.336***32.5***9.76.2***181.8
 (0.073)(10.9)(6.2)(1.8)(144.0)
 20140.261***2.512.3**1.7292.2**
 (0.055)(11.3)(5.9)(1.6)(116.0)
 20150.179***17.18.61.2172.7
 (0.065)(11.3)(6.3)(1.5)(123.6)
 20160.156**37.8***17.0***−1.6250.1*
 (0.067)(11.7)(5.6)(1.5)(128.6)
 20170.148−10.6−0.41.7238.9**
 (0.090)(10.4)(5.5)(1.5)(111.6)
Region (1 = base level)     
 20.0016.7*5.5***0.0−26.4
 (0.024)(3.7)(1.9)(0.8)(69.0)
 30.0120.60.5−0.750.8
 (0.030)(3.4)(2.5)(0.9)(62.1)
 4−0.033−0.82.9*0.57.8
 (0.025)(3.4)(1.6)(0.5)(33.9)
Adjusted R²0.1870.0740.0480.0660.015
Number of observations590590590590590
 Energy per outputNitrogen surplus per haPhosphorus surplus per haAmmonia emissions per haPesticide load
Process innovation     
 Machinery and equipment in t0.0634.45.70.7−10.8
 (0.043)(6.2)(4.6)(0.8)(57.1)
  in t − 1 or t − 20.024−2.4−0.60.4−39.8
 (0.034)(5.3)(2.8)(0.9)(35.8)
 Buildings in t0.139−16.72.2−2.1**34.7
 (0.148)(13.6)(9.5)(0.9)(78.8)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.02910.4−1.43.9***−38.5
 (0.069)(9.5)(5.7)(1.3)(91.5)
 Farm management, new techniques in t0.08011.61.30.7−57.9
 (0.104)(12.7)(3.5)(2.2)(110.9)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.03619.6*9.5***0.0667.7
 (0.084)(10.1)(3.4)(1.2)(632.6)
 GPS systems in t−0.0311.7−3.71.9*44.6
 (0.061)(7.4)(4.9)(1.1)(52.9)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.050−5.7−1.10.02.5
 (0.040)(4.6)(2.4)(0.7)(47.5)
Organizational and marketing innovation
 Business organization and management in t−0.007−4.9−2.4−2.138.9
 (0.060)(8.8)(5.0)(1.8)(97.9)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.0122.0−2.6−0.6−61.9
 (0.037)(5.7)(2.9)(1.4)(79.8)
 Other OM innovation in t−0.00610.116.81.3−41.0
 (0.144)(17.6)(10.9)(2.8)(118.0)
  in t − 1 or t − 2−0.046−26.5*−15.5***−5.7*153.6
 (0.065)(13.7)(4.5)(3.3)(154.7)
Product innovation in t−0.01748.6*15.4*3.7−43.0
 (0.089)(27.9)(8.6)(2.7)(126.2)
 in t − 1 or t − 20.005−7.80.7−3.236.2
 (0.096)(9.1)(3.9)(2.0)(58.3)
Farm size−0.179−22.6*−8.31.4−12.5
 (0.131)(13.6)(8.2)(2.8)(144.9)
Degree of specialization−0.10419.75.42.0−190.7
 (0.084)(12.2)(6.4)(2.3)(117.5)
Age of farmer0.000−0.6−0.4−0.1−3.5
 (0.003)(0.5)(0.3)(0.1)(4.7)
Age of farmer²0.0000.00.00.00.0
 (0.000)(0.0)(0.0)(0.0)(0.1)
Training0.015−12.7−19.23.5−57.2
 (0.125)(17.3)(16.8)(5.3)(147.4)
New manager0.063−1.6−9.01.0−114.4
 (0.077)(16.2)(7.8)(2.4)(72.7)
No successor0.013−2.6−3.40.0−77.0
 (0.082)(4.6)(3.3)(0.9)(75.6)
Year (2009 = base level)     
 20100.0737.916.8**1.391.0
 (0.083)(15.2)(7.8)(1.9)(146.1)
 20110.430***11.67.90.1662.3***
 (0.058)(10.5)(6.1)(1.5)(216.3)
 2012−0.277***−19.2*−0.70.5−36.1
 (0.063)(11.0)(5.6)(1.5)(238.7)
 20130.336***32.5***9.76.2***181.8
 (0.073)(10.9)(6.2)(1.8)(144.0)
 20140.261***2.512.3**1.7292.2**
 (0.055)(11.3)(5.9)(1.6)(116.0)
 20150.179***17.18.61.2172.7
 (0.065)(11.3)(6.3)(1.5)(123.6)
 20160.156**37.8***17.0***−1.6250.1*
 (0.067)(11.7)(5.6)(1.5)(128.6)
 20170.148−10.6−0.41.7238.9**
 (0.090)(10.4)(5.5)(1.5)(111.6)
Region (1 = base level)     
 20.0016.7*5.5***0.0−26.4
 (0.024)(3.7)(1.9)(0.8)(69.0)
 30.0120.60.5−0.750.8
 (0.030)(3.4)(2.5)(0.9)(62.1)
 4−0.033−0.82.9*0.57.8
 (0.025)(3.4)(1.6)(0.5)(33.9)
Adjusted R²0.1870.0740.0480.0660.015
Number of observations590590590590590

Note: Levels of statistical significance are 10% (*), 5% (**), and 1% (***).

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