Table 1. Open in new tab Summary of...

Table 1.

Summary of explanatory factors

Variable	Expected effect
Society-centered factors
1. Polarized mass protest	Pulls the military into the political arena, positively affects the military’s role as perpetrator or accomplice
2. Military background of political leader	Pulls the military into the political arena, positively affects the military’s role as accomplice
3. Military veto power and weak civilian control	Increases vulnerability of incumbent and strengthens the military’s ability to act as perpetrator
4. Incumbent political party	Strong political party reduced incumbent dependency on military; military will act as bystander or accomplice
Military-centric factors
5. Military interests threatened by incumbent	Pushes the military to act as perpetrator, negatively affects the military’s willingness to act as accomplice or bystander
6. Praetorian tradition	Positively affects the military’s willingness to act against democracy, either as perpetrator or accomplice
7. Internal security and public order operations as appropriate missions	Positively affects the willingness of the military to act as accomplice

Variable	Expected effect
Society-centered factors
1. Polarized mass protest	Pulls the military into the political arena, positively affects the military’s role as perpetrator or accomplice
2. Military background of political leader	Pulls the military into the political arena, positively affects the military’s role as accomplice
3. Military veto power and weak civilian control	Increases vulnerability of incumbent and strengthens the military’s ability to act as perpetrator
4. Incumbent political party	Strong political party reduced incumbent dependency on military; military will act as bystander or accomplice
Military-centric factors
5. Military interests threatened by incumbent	Pushes the military to act as perpetrator, negatively affects the military’s willingness to act as accomplice or bystander
6. Praetorian tradition	Positively affects the military’s willingness to act against democracy, either as perpetrator or accomplice
7. Internal security and public order operations as appropriate missions	Positively affects the willingness of the military to act as accomplice