Table 2 Open in new tab Sensitivity...

Table 2

Sensitivity analyses for the pooled crude OR on the association between smartphone overuse and neck pain.

Study left out	Pooled crude OR (95% CI)	P-value	tau²	tau	I²
Puntumetakul R (2022)	3.05 (1.72–5.41)	<0.001	0.435	0.660	93.1%
Sirajudeen MS (2022)	3.05 (1.71–5.42)	<0.001	0.439	0.663	93.1%
Wah SW (2022)	2.37 (1.59–3.53)	<0.001	0.204	0.451	92.1%
Ayhualem S (2021)^*	2.98 (1.64–5.39)	<0.001	0.469	0.685	93.2%
Derakhshanrad N (2021)	2.07 (1.59–2.70)	<0.001	0.048	0.219	73.8%
Gustafsson E (2016)_Male^**	2.97 (1.63–5.42)	<0.001	0.478	0.692	93.2%
Gustafsson E (2016)_Female^**	3.18 (1.86–5.43)	<0.001	0.363	0.602	88.7%
Pooled estimate when no study left out	2.81 (1.71–4.59)	<0.001	0.365	0.604	91.9%

Study left out	Pooled crude OR (95% CI)	P-value	tau²	tau	I²
Puntumetakul R (2022)	3.05 (1.72–5.41)	<0.001	0.435	0.660	93.1%
Sirajudeen MS (2022)	3.05 (1.71–5.42)	<0.001	0.439	0.663	93.1%
Wah SW (2022)	2.37 (1.59–3.53)	<0.001	0.204	0.451	92.1%
Ayhualem S (2021)^*	2.98 (1.64–5.39)	<0.001	0.469	0.685	93.2%
Derakhshanrad N (2021)	2.07 (1.59–2.70)	<0.001	0.048	0.219	73.8%
Gustafsson E (2016)_Male^**	2.97 (1.63–5.42)	<0.001	0.478	0.692	93.2%
Gustafsson E (2016)_Female^**	3.18 (1.86–5.43)	<0.001	0.363	0.602	88.7%
Pooled estimate when no study left out	2.81 (1.71–4.59)	<0.001	0.365	0.604	91.9%

^*Multi-category comparison in the model, with the reference group <3 h/day.

^**Multi-category comparison in the model, with the reference group SMS: 0–5.