Table 6 Open in new tab Models tested...

Model fit statistics—continental European nations—men
−2 Log likelihood	3,887	1,730	1,611	1,541	1,500
Change in −2LL	—	2,156^***	120^***	70^***	40^***
Var. between nations	.34^***	.31^***	.31^***	.32^***	.18^***
PRE ch. in bet. var.	—	0.08	0.02	−0.04	0.45
Residual variance	.35^***	.13^***	.12^***	.13^***	.07^***
PRE ch. in res. var.	—	0.64	0.05	0.03	0.01
Model fit statistics—continental European nations—women
Statistic	Baseline	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
−2 Log likelihood	4228	2407	2393	2348	2302
Change in −2LL	—	1820^***	13.23^***	44.83^***	46.26^***
Var. between nations	.35^***	.32^***	.31^***	.31^***	.11^***
PRE ch. in bet. var.	—	0.09	0.05	−0.01	0.65
Residual variance	.14^***	.13^***	.12^***	.12^***	.04^***
PRE ch. in res. var.	—	0.57	0.01	0.02	0.02
Model fit statistics English-speaking nations—men
Statistic	Baseline	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
−2 Log likelihood	1573	1147	929	858	804
Change in −2LL	—	426^***	218^***	71^***	54^***
Var. between nations	0.05	0.05	0.03	0.03	0.01
PRE ch. in bet. var.	—	−0.03	0.47	−0.14	0.78
Residual variance	.30^***	.19^***	.15^***	.14^***	.14^***
PRE ch. in res. var.	—	0.37	0.20	0.07	0.05
Model fit statistics English-speaking nations—women
Statistic	Baseline	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
−2 Log likelihood	1756	1338	1068	1019	975
Change in −2LL	—	418^***	271^***	49^***	44^***
Var. between nations	0.04	0.04	0.01	0.01	0.00
PRE ch. in bet. var.	—	0.13	0.75	−0.28	1.00
Residual variance	.37^***	.24^***	.18^***	.17^***	.16^***
PRE ch. in res. var.	—	0.36	0.24	0.05	0.03

Model fit statistics—continental European nations—men

Statistic

Baseline

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

−2 Log likelihood

3,887

1,730

1,611

1,541

1,500

Change in −2LL

—

2,156^***

120^***

70^***

40^***

Var. between nations

.34^***

.31^***

.32^***

.18^***

PRE ch. in bet. var.

—

0.08

0.02

−0.04

0.45

Residual variance

.35^***

.13^***

.12^***

.13^***

.07^***

PRE ch. in res. var.

—

0.64

0.05

0.03

0.01

Model fit statistics—continental European nations—women

Statistic

Baseline

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

−2 Log likelihood

4228

2407

2393

2348

2302

Change in −2LL

—

1820^***

13.23^***

44.83^***

46.26^***

Var. between nations

.35^***

.32^***

.31^***

.11^***

PRE ch. in bet. var.

—

0.09

0.05

−0.01

0.65

Residual variance

.14^***

.13^***

.12^***

.04^***

PRE ch. in res. var.

—

0.57

0.01

0.02

Model fit statistics English-speaking nations—men

Statistic

Baseline

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

−2 Log likelihood

1573

1147

929

858

804

Change in −2LL

—

426^***

218^***

71^***

54^***

Var. between nations

0.05

0.03

0.01

PRE ch. in bet. var.

—

−0.03

0.47

−0.14

0.78

Residual variance

.30^***

.19^***

.15^***

.14^***

PRE ch. in res. var.

—

0.37

0.20

0.07

0.05

Model fit statistics English-speaking nations—women

Statistic

Baseline

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

−2 Log likelihood

1756

1338

1068

1019

975

Change in −2LL

—

418^***

271^***

49^***

44^***

Var. between nations

0.04

0.01

0.00

PRE ch. in bet. var.

—

0.13

0.75

−0.28

1.00

Residual variance

.37^***

.24^***

.18^***

.17^***

.16^***

PRE ch. in res. var.

—

0.36

0.24

0.05

0.03

Model fit statistics—continental European nations—men
−2 Log likelihood	3,887	1,730	1,611	1,541	1,500
Change in −2LL	—	2,156^***	120^***	70^***	40^***
Var. between nations	.34^***	.31^***	.31^***	.32^***	.18^***
PRE ch. in bet. var.	—	0.08	0.02	−0.04	0.45
Residual variance	.35^***	.13^***	.12^***	.13^***	.07^***
PRE ch. in res. var.	—	0.64	0.05	0.03	0.01
Model fit statistics—continental European nations—women
Statistic	Baseline	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
−2 Log likelihood	4228	2407	2393	2348	2302
Change in −2LL	—	1820^***	13.23^***	44.83^***	46.26^***
Var. between nations	.35^***	.32^***	.31^***	.31^***	.11^***
PRE ch. in bet. var.	—	0.09	0.05	−0.01	0.65
Residual variance	.14^***	.13^***	.12^***	.12^***	.04^***
PRE ch. in res. var.	—	0.57	0.01	0.02	0.02
Model fit statistics English-speaking nations—men
Statistic	Baseline	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
−2 Log likelihood	1573	1147	929	858	804
Change in −2LL	—	426^***	218^***	71^***	54^***
Var. between nations	0.05	0.05	0.03	0.03	0.01
PRE ch. in bet. var.	—	−0.03	0.47	−0.14	0.78
Residual variance	.30^***	.19^***	.15^***	.14^***	.14^***
PRE ch. in res. var.	—	0.37	0.20	0.07	0.05
Model fit statistics English-speaking nations—women
Statistic	Baseline	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
−2 Log likelihood	1756	1338	1068	1019	975
Change in −2LL	—	418^***	271^***	49^***	44^***
Var. between nations	0.04	0.04	0.01	0.01	0.00
PRE ch. in bet. var.	—	0.13	0.75	−0.28	1.00
Residual variance	.37^***	.24^***	.18^***	.17^***	.16^***
PRE ch. in res. var.	—	0.36	0.24	0.05	0.03

Table 6

Open in new tab

Models tested and model fit statistics by nation grouping and gender.

Model fit statistics—continental European nations—men
Statistic	Baseline	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
−2 Log likelihood	3,887	1,730	1,611	1,541	1,500
Change in −2LL	—	2,156^***	120^***	70^***	40^***
Var. between nations	.34^***	.31^***	.31^***	.32^***	.18^***
PRE ch. in bet. var.	—	0.08	0.02	−0.04	0.45
Residual variance	.35^***	.13^***	.12^***	.13^***	.07^***
PRE ch. in res. var.	—	0.64	0.05	0.03	0.01
Model fit statistics—continental European nations—women
Statistic	Baseline	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
−2 Log likelihood	4228	2407	2393	2348	2302
Change in −2LL	—	1820^***	13.23^***	44.83^***	46.26^***
Var. between nations	.35^***	.32^***	.31^***	.31^***	.11^***
PRE ch. in bet. var.	—	0.09	0.05	−0.01	0.65
Residual variance	.14^***	.13^***	.12^***	.12^***	.04^***
PRE ch. in res. var.	—	0.57	0.01	0.02	0.02
Model fit statistics English-speaking nations—men
Statistic	Baseline	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
−2 Log likelihood	1573	1147	929	858	804
Change in −2LL	—	426^***	218^***	71^***	54^***
Var. between nations	0.05	0.05	0.03	0.03	0.01
PRE ch. in bet. var.	—	−0.03	0.47	−0.14	0.78
Residual variance	.30^***	.19^***	.15^***	.14^***	.14^***
PRE ch. in res. var.	—	0.37	0.20	0.07	0.05
Model fit statistics English-speaking nations—women
Statistic	Baseline	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
−2 Log likelihood	1756	1338	1068	1019	975
Change in −2LL	—	418^***	271^***	49^***	44^***
Var. between nations	0.04	0.04	0.01	0.01	0.00
PRE ch. in bet. var.	—	0.13	0.75	−0.28	1.00
Residual variance	.37^***	.24^***	.18^***	.17^***	.16^***
PRE ch. in res. var.	—	0.36	0.24	0.05	0.03

Model fit statistics—continental European nations—men
Statistic	Baseline	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
−2 Log likelihood	3,887	1,730	1,611	1,541	1,500
Change in −2LL	—	2,156^***	120^***	70^***	40^***
Var. between nations	.34^***	.31^***	.31^***	.32^***	.18^***
PRE ch. in bet. var.	—	0.08	0.02	−0.04	0.45
Residual variance	.35^***	.13^***	.12^***	.13^***	.07^***
PRE ch. in res. var.	—	0.64	0.05	0.03	0.01
Model fit statistics—continental European nations—women
Statistic	Baseline	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
−2 Log likelihood	4228	2407	2393	2348	2302
Change in −2LL	—	1820^***	13.23^***	44.83^***	46.26^***
Var. between nations	.35^***	.32^***	.31^***	.31^***	.11^***
PRE ch. in bet. var.	—	0.09	0.05	−0.01	0.65
Residual variance	.14^***	.13^***	.12^***	.12^***	.04^***
PRE ch. in res. var.	—	0.57	0.01	0.02	0.02
Model fit statistics English-speaking nations—men
Statistic	Baseline	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
−2 Log likelihood	1573	1147	929	858	804
Change in −2LL	—	426^***	218^***	71^***	54^***
Var. between nations	0.05	0.05	0.03	0.03	0.01
PRE ch. in bet. var.	—	−0.03	0.47	−0.14	0.78
Residual variance	.30^***	.19^***	.15^***	.14^***	.14^***
PRE ch. in res. var.	—	0.37	0.20	0.07	0.05
Model fit statistics English-speaking nations—women
Statistic	Baseline	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
−2 Log likelihood	1756	1338	1068	1019	975
Change in −2LL	—	418^***	271^***	49^***	44^***
Var. between nations	0.04	0.04	0.01	0.01	0.00
PRE ch. in bet. var.	—	0.13	0.75	−0.28	1.00
Residual variance	.37^***	.24^***	.18^***	.17^***	.16^***
PRE ch. in res. var.	—	0.36	0.24	0.05	0.03

Note: Model 1 adds dummy variables for age and year to the baseline model (df = 25), Model 2 adds the 5 measures of cohort characteristics, Model 3 adds the interactions of age and cohort characteristics (df = 9), and Model 4 adds the measures of social change and national context (df = 4). ^* = P < .05, ^** = P < .01, ^*** = P < .001. Additional details in supplemental file and Tables S8 to S13.

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