| . | Obesity (n = 18) . | Overweight or normal BMI (n = 59) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 32.7 (29.5; 37.1) | 31.5 (23.7; 37.2) | 0.36 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 36.4 ± 3.3 | 24.1 ± 3.6 | — |
| Ideal weight, kg | 71.8 (55.4; 78.0) | 67.8 ± 12.7 | 0.92 |
| Estimated plasma volume, mL | 3178 ± 399 | 2309 ± 363 | <0.001 |
| Female sex | 8 (44.4%) | 23 (39.0%) | 0.79 |
| Patent fenestration | 4 (22.2%) | 8 (13.6%) | 0.46 |
| NYHA classes III or IV | 8 (44.4%) | 20 (33.9%) | 0.42 |
| Hypertension | 1 (5.6%) | 6 (10.2%) | 0.99 |
| Diabetes | 2 (11.1%) | 2 (3.4%) | 0.23 |
| Pacemaker | 1 (5.6%) | 30 (50.8%) | <0.001 |
| History of atrial arrhythmias | 10 (55.6%) | 28 (47.5%) | 0.60 |
| Creatinine clearance <60 mL/min | 0 | 5 (8.5%) | 0.59 |
| Symptoms | |||
| Dyspnoea | 12 (66.7%) | 37 (62.7%) | 0.99 |
| Fatigue | 12 (66.7%) | 24 (40.7%) | 0.06 |
| Oedema | 8 (44.4%) | 22 (37.3%) | 0.59 |
| Medications | |||
| Diuretics | 9 (50%) | 30 (50.8%) | 0.99 |
| Beta-blocker | 8 (44.4%) | 19 (32.2%) | 0.40 |
| ACEi/ARB | 11 (61.1%) | 32 (54.2%) | 0.79 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 5 (27.8%) | 19 (32.2%) | 0.78 |
| Digitalis | 0 | 9 (15.3%) | 0.11 |
| Antiarrhythmic agent | 7 (38.9%) | 15 (25.4%) | 0.37 |
| Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor | 7 (38.9%) | 13 (22.0%) | 0.22 |
| Laboratory/imaging | |||
| NT-pro-BNP, pg/mL | 183 (125.5; 573.5) | 322 (148.5; 633.5) | 0.78 |
| MELD-XI | 9.4 (9.4; 12.7) | 10.6 (9.4; 12.4) | 0.53 |
| APRI | 0.4 (0.3; 0.6) | 0.4 (0.3; 0.6) | 0.49 |
| Spleen size, mm | 14.0 ± 2.0 | 13.3 ± 2.6 | 0.15 |
| Echocardiography | |||
| Ventricular ejection fraction, % | 53.8 (50; 57.5) | 52.5 (45; 57.5%) | 0.63 |
| ≥moderate AV regurgitation | 1 (5.6%) | 13 (22.0%) | 0.17 |
| Non-invasive cardiopulmonary exercise test | |||
| Respiratory exchange ratio | 1.08 ± 0.1 | 1.15 ± 0.1 | 0.07 |
| Peak VO2, mL/min | 1713 ± 539 | 1391 (1171; 1718) | 0.15 |
| Minimal O2 saturation by pulse oximetry, % | 90 (83; 92) | 91 (86; 94) | 0.72 |
| Peak VO2, mL/kg/min | 15.5 ± 3.5 | 19.9 ± 5.8 | 0.03 |
| Peak VO2, % of predicted | 41.6 ± 10.9 | 49.6 ± 13.2 | 0.07 |
| VE/VCO2 nadir | 33.7 ± 6.0 | 33.7 ± 5.8 | 0.99 |
| Peak ventilation, % predicted | 50.2 ± 11.5 | 46.4 ± 16.7 | 0.33 |
| . | Obesity (n = 18) . | Overweight or normal BMI (n = 59) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 32.7 (29.5; 37.1) | 31.5 (23.7; 37.2) | 0.36 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 36.4 ± 3.3 | 24.1 ± 3.6 | — |
| Ideal weight, kg | 71.8 (55.4; 78.0) | 67.8 ± 12.7 | 0.92 |
| Estimated plasma volume, mL | 3178 ± 399 | 2309 ± 363 | <0.001 |
| Female sex | 8 (44.4%) | 23 (39.0%) | 0.79 |
| Patent fenestration | 4 (22.2%) | 8 (13.6%) | 0.46 |
| NYHA classes III or IV | 8 (44.4%) | 20 (33.9%) | 0.42 |
| Hypertension | 1 (5.6%) | 6 (10.2%) | 0.99 |
| Diabetes | 2 (11.1%) | 2 (3.4%) | 0.23 |
| Pacemaker | 1 (5.6%) | 30 (50.8%) | <0.001 |
| History of atrial arrhythmias | 10 (55.6%) | 28 (47.5%) | 0.60 |
| Creatinine clearance <60 mL/min | 0 | 5 (8.5%) | 0.59 |
| Symptoms | |||
| Dyspnoea | 12 (66.7%) | 37 (62.7%) | 0.99 |
| Fatigue | 12 (66.7%) | 24 (40.7%) | 0.06 |
| Oedema | 8 (44.4%) | 22 (37.3%) | 0.59 |
| Medications | |||
| Diuretics | 9 (50%) | 30 (50.8%) | 0.99 |
| Beta-blocker | 8 (44.4%) | 19 (32.2%) | 0.40 |
| ACEi/ARB | 11 (61.1%) | 32 (54.2%) | 0.79 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 5 (27.8%) | 19 (32.2%) | 0.78 |
| Digitalis | 0 | 9 (15.3%) | 0.11 |
| Antiarrhythmic agent | 7 (38.9%) | 15 (25.4%) | 0.37 |
| Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor | 7 (38.9%) | 13 (22.0%) | 0.22 |
| Laboratory/imaging | |||
| NT-pro-BNP, pg/mL | 183 (125.5; 573.5) | 322 (148.5; 633.5) | 0.78 |
| MELD-XI | 9.4 (9.4; 12.7) | 10.6 (9.4; 12.4) | 0.53 |
| APRI | 0.4 (0.3; 0.6) | 0.4 (0.3; 0.6) | 0.49 |
| Spleen size, mm | 14.0 ± 2.0 | 13.3 ± 2.6 | 0.15 |
| Echocardiography | |||
| Ventricular ejection fraction, % | 53.8 (50; 57.5) | 52.5 (45; 57.5%) | 0.63 |
| ≥moderate AV regurgitation | 1 (5.6%) | 13 (22.0%) | 0.17 |
| Non-invasive cardiopulmonary exercise test | |||
| Respiratory exchange ratio | 1.08 ± 0.1 | 1.15 ± 0.1 | 0.07 |
| Peak VO2, mL/min | 1713 ± 539 | 1391 (1171; 1718) | 0.15 |
| Minimal O2 saturation by pulse oximetry, % | 90 (83; 92) | 91 (86; 94) | 0.72 |
| Peak VO2, mL/kg/min | 15.5 ± 3.5 | 19.9 ± 5.8 | 0.03 |
| Peak VO2, % of predicted | 41.6 ± 10.9 | 49.6 ± 13.2 | 0.07 |
| VE/VCO2 nadir | 33.7 ± 6.0 | 33.7 ± 5.8 | 0.99 |
| Peak ventilation, % predicted | 50.2 ± 11.5 | 46.4 ± 16.7 | 0.33 |
ACEi/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; APRI, aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index; AV, atrioventricular valve; MELD-XI, model for end-stage liver disease excluding international normalized ratio; NT-pro-BNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; VE, minute ventilation; VO2, oxygen consumption; VCO2, carbon dioxide output.
Values in bold indicate statistical significance (defined as P-value <0.05).
| . | Obesity (n = 18) . | Overweight or normal BMI (n = 59) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 32.7 (29.5; 37.1) | 31.5 (23.7; 37.2) | 0.36 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 36.4 ± 3.3 | 24.1 ± 3.6 | — |
| Ideal weight, kg | 71.8 (55.4; 78.0) | 67.8 ± 12.7 | 0.92 |
| Estimated plasma volume, mL | 3178 ± 399 | 2309 ± 363 | <0.001 |
| Female sex | 8 (44.4%) | 23 (39.0%) | 0.79 |
| Patent fenestration | 4 (22.2%) | 8 (13.6%) | 0.46 |
| NYHA classes III or IV | 8 (44.4%) | 20 (33.9%) | 0.42 |
| Hypertension | 1 (5.6%) | 6 (10.2%) | 0.99 |
| Diabetes | 2 (11.1%) | 2 (3.4%) | 0.23 |
| Pacemaker | 1 (5.6%) | 30 (50.8%) | <0.001 |
| History of atrial arrhythmias | 10 (55.6%) | 28 (47.5%) | 0.60 |
| Creatinine clearance <60 mL/min | 0 | 5 (8.5%) | 0.59 |
| Symptoms | |||
| Dyspnoea | 12 (66.7%) | 37 (62.7%) | 0.99 |
| Fatigue | 12 (66.7%) | 24 (40.7%) | 0.06 |
| Oedema | 8 (44.4%) | 22 (37.3%) | 0.59 |
| Medications | |||
| Diuretics | 9 (50%) | 30 (50.8%) | 0.99 |
| Beta-blocker | 8 (44.4%) | 19 (32.2%) | 0.40 |
| ACEi/ARB | 11 (61.1%) | 32 (54.2%) | 0.79 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 5 (27.8%) | 19 (32.2%) | 0.78 |
| Digitalis | 0 | 9 (15.3%) | 0.11 |
| Antiarrhythmic agent | 7 (38.9%) | 15 (25.4%) | 0.37 |
| Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor | 7 (38.9%) | 13 (22.0%) | 0.22 |
| Laboratory/imaging | |||
| NT-pro-BNP, pg/mL | 183 (125.5; 573.5) | 322 (148.5; 633.5) | 0.78 |
| MELD-XI | 9.4 (9.4; 12.7) | 10.6 (9.4; 12.4) | 0.53 |
| APRI | 0.4 (0.3; 0.6) | 0.4 (0.3; 0.6) | 0.49 |
| Spleen size, mm | 14.0 ± 2.0 | 13.3 ± 2.6 | 0.15 |
| Echocardiography | |||
| Ventricular ejection fraction, % | 53.8 (50; 57.5) | 52.5 (45; 57.5%) | 0.63 |
| ≥moderate AV regurgitation | 1 (5.6%) | 13 (22.0%) | 0.17 |
| Non-invasive cardiopulmonary exercise test | |||
| Respiratory exchange ratio | 1.08 ± 0.1 | 1.15 ± 0.1 | 0.07 |
| Peak VO2, mL/min | 1713 ± 539 | 1391 (1171; 1718) | 0.15 |
| Minimal O2 saturation by pulse oximetry, % | 90 (83; 92) | 91 (86; 94) | 0.72 |
| Peak VO2, mL/kg/min | 15.5 ± 3.5 | 19.9 ± 5.8 | 0.03 |
| Peak VO2, % of predicted | 41.6 ± 10.9 | 49.6 ± 13.2 | 0.07 |
| VE/VCO2 nadir | 33.7 ± 6.0 | 33.7 ± 5.8 | 0.99 |
| Peak ventilation, % predicted | 50.2 ± 11.5 | 46.4 ± 16.7 | 0.33 |
| . | Obesity (n = 18) . | Overweight or normal BMI (n = 59) . | P-value . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 32.7 (29.5; 37.1) | 31.5 (23.7; 37.2) | 0.36 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 36.4 ± 3.3 | 24.1 ± 3.6 | — |
| Ideal weight, kg | 71.8 (55.4; 78.0) | 67.8 ± 12.7 | 0.92 |
| Estimated plasma volume, mL | 3178 ± 399 | 2309 ± 363 | <0.001 |
| Female sex | 8 (44.4%) | 23 (39.0%) | 0.79 |
| Patent fenestration | 4 (22.2%) | 8 (13.6%) | 0.46 |
| NYHA classes III or IV | 8 (44.4%) | 20 (33.9%) | 0.42 |
| Hypertension | 1 (5.6%) | 6 (10.2%) | 0.99 |
| Diabetes | 2 (11.1%) | 2 (3.4%) | 0.23 |
| Pacemaker | 1 (5.6%) | 30 (50.8%) | <0.001 |
| History of atrial arrhythmias | 10 (55.6%) | 28 (47.5%) | 0.60 |
| Creatinine clearance <60 mL/min | 0 | 5 (8.5%) | 0.59 |
| Symptoms | |||
| Dyspnoea | 12 (66.7%) | 37 (62.7%) | 0.99 |
| Fatigue | 12 (66.7%) | 24 (40.7%) | 0.06 |
| Oedema | 8 (44.4%) | 22 (37.3%) | 0.59 |
| Medications | |||
| Diuretics | 9 (50%) | 30 (50.8%) | 0.99 |
| Beta-blocker | 8 (44.4%) | 19 (32.2%) | 0.40 |
| ACEi/ARB | 11 (61.1%) | 32 (54.2%) | 0.79 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 5 (27.8%) | 19 (32.2%) | 0.78 |
| Digitalis | 0 | 9 (15.3%) | 0.11 |
| Antiarrhythmic agent | 7 (38.9%) | 15 (25.4%) | 0.37 |
| Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor | 7 (38.9%) | 13 (22.0%) | 0.22 |
| Laboratory/imaging | |||
| NT-pro-BNP, pg/mL | 183 (125.5; 573.5) | 322 (148.5; 633.5) | 0.78 |
| MELD-XI | 9.4 (9.4; 12.7) | 10.6 (9.4; 12.4) | 0.53 |
| APRI | 0.4 (0.3; 0.6) | 0.4 (0.3; 0.6) | 0.49 |
| Spleen size, mm | 14.0 ± 2.0 | 13.3 ± 2.6 | 0.15 |
| Echocardiography | |||
| Ventricular ejection fraction, % | 53.8 (50; 57.5) | 52.5 (45; 57.5%) | 0.63 |
| ≥moderate AV regurgitation | 1 (5.6%) | 13 (22.0%) | 0.17 |
| Non-invasive cardiopulmonary exercise test | |||
| Respiratory exchange ratio | 1.08 ± 0.1 | 1.15 ± 0.1 | 0.07 |
| Peak VO2, mL/min | 1713 ± 539 | 1391 (1171; 1718) | 0.15 |
| Minimal O2 saturation by pulse oximetry, % | 90 (83; 92) | 91 (86; 94) | 0.72 |
| Peak VO2, mL/kg/min | 15.5 ± 3.5 | 19.9 ± 5.8 | 0.03 |
| Peak VO2, % of predicted | 41.6 ± 10.9 | 49.6 ± 13.2 | 0.07 |
| VE/VCO2 nadir | 33.7 ± 6.0 | 33.7 ± 5.8 | 0.99 |
| Peak ventilation, % predicted | 50.2 ± 11.5 | 46.4 ± 16.7 | 0.33 |
ACEi/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; APRI, aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index; AV, atrioventricular valve; MELD-XI, model for end-stage liver disease excluding international normalized ratio; NT-pro-BNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; VE, minute ventilation; VO2, oxygen consumption; VCO2, carbon dioxide output.
Values in bold indicate statistical significance (defined as P-value <0.05).
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