Table 3 Open in new tab Results from...

	W2–5		W6–9
Age	1.071^***	1.033^**	1.035^**	1.030^*
	[1.044,1.099]	[1.010,1.057]	[1.010,1.061]	[1.006,1.054]
Latent physical health tertile at baseline (Ref. Bad)
Fair	0.880	0.698^*	0.839	0.808
	[0.631,1.228]	[0.516,0.944]	[0.604,1.166]	[0.588,1.109]
Good	0.658^*	0.543^***	1.042	0.734
	[0.441,0.980]	[0.384,0.769]	[0.725,1.497]	[0.519,1.040]
Number of ADL limitations	1.254^*	1.329^**	1.458^*	1.412^*
	[1.018,1.544]	[1.099,1.606]	[1.088,1.953]	[1.066,1.871]
Number of IADL limitations	1.222	1.212	1.013	1.114
	[0.968,1.542]	[0.995,1.477]	[0.767,1.337]	[0.858,1.447]
Renter (Ref. Owner-occupier)	1.396	2.996^**	0.789	0.721
	[0.529,3.684]	[1.428,6.285]	[0.361,1.726]	[0.335,1.554]
Unpartnered (Ref. Married/partnered)	0.588^**	0.823	0.823	0.671^**
	[0.412,0.838]	[0.626,1.081]	[0.604,1.122]	[0.511,0.881]
Educational attainment (Ref. Lower)
Secondary	0.801	1.262	1.013	1.057
	[0.568,1.130]	[0.901,1.768]	[0.702,1.462]	[0.768,1.455]
Higher	0.647^*	1.400	0.948	1.389
	[0.435,0.963]	[0.964,2.032]	[0.652,1.379]	[0.962,2.006]
Foreign/other	1.108	0.867	0.825	0.775
	[0.627,1.959]	[0.585,1.285]	[0.468,1.456]	[0.530,1.132]
Wealth quintile (Ref. Lowest quintile)
4th quintile	1.048	1.927	1.255	0.606
	[0.389,2.823]	[0.921,4.031]	[0.560,2.812]	[0.280,1.313]
3rd quintile	0.854	1.390	1.098	0.667
	[0.305,2.392]	[0.637,3.033]	[0.485,2.487]	[0.307,1.450]
2nd quintile	1.080	1.441	1.391	0.835
	[0.389,2.996]	[0.658,3.160]	[0.617,3.137]	[0.375,1.860]
Highest quintile	0.853	1.041	1.298	0.661
	[0.302,2.406]	[0.464,2.336]	[0.568,2.965]	[0.295,1.480]
Constant	0.003^***	0.028^***	0.086^*	0.283
	[0.000,0.028]	[0.004,0.117]	[0.012,0.648]	[0.040,1.973]
Observations	1182	1330	940	1086
Pseudo R²	0.071	0.071	0.021	0.033

W2–5

W6–9

Men

Women

Men

Women

Variables measured at wave 2 or 6

OR [95% CI]

Age

1.071^***

1.033^**

1.035^**

1.030^*

[1.044,1.099]

[1.010,1.057]

[1.010,1.061]

[1.006,1.054]

Latent physical health tertile at baseline (Ref. Bad)

Fair

0.880

0.698^*

0.839

0.808

[0.631,1.228]

[0.516,0.944]

[0.604,1.166]

[0.588,1.109]

Good

0.658^*

0.543^***

1.042

0.734

[0.441,0.980]

[0.384,0.769]

[0.725,1.497]

[0.519,1.040]

Number of ADL limitations

1.254^*

1.329^**

1.458^*

1.412^*

[1.018,1.544]

[1.099,1.606]

[1.088,1.953]

[1.066,1.871]

Number of IADL limitations

1.222

1.212

1.013

1.114

[0.968,1.542]

[0.995,1.477]

[0.767,1.337]

[0.858,1.447]

Renter (Ref. Owner-occupier)

1.396

2.996^**

0.789

0.721

[0.529,3.684]

[1.428,6.285]

[0.361,1.726]

[0.335,1.554]

Unpartnered (Ref. Married/partnered)

0.588^**

0.823

0.671^**

[0.412,0.838]

[0.626,1.081]

[0.604,1.122]

[0.511,0.881]

Educational attainment (Ref. Lower)

Secondary

0.801

1.262

1.013

1.057

[0.568,1.130]

[0.901,1.768]

[0.702,1.462]

[0.768,1.455]

Higher

0.647^*

1.400

0.948

1.389

[0.435,0.963]

[0.964,2.032]

[0.652,1.379]

[0.962,2.006]

Foreign/other

1.108

0.867

0.825

0.775

[0.627,1.959]

[0.585,1.285]

[0.468,1.456]

[0.530,1.132]

Wealth quintile (Ref. Lowest quintile)

4th quintile

1.048

1.927

1.255

0.606

[0.389,2.823]

[0.921,4.031]

[0.560,2.812]

[0.280,1.313]

3rd quintile

0.854

1.390

1.098

0.667

[0.305,2.392]

[0.637,3.033]

[0.485,2.487]

[0.307,1.450]

2nd quintile

1.080

1.441

1.391

0.835

[0.389,2.996]

[0.658,3.160]

[0.617,3.137]

[0.375,1.860]

Highest quintile

0.853

1.041

1.298

0.661

[0.302,2.406]

[0.464,2.336]

[0.568,2.965]

[0.295,1.480]

Constant

0.003^***

0.028^***

0.086^*

0.283

[0.000,0.028]

[0.004,0.117]

[0.012,0.648]

[0.040,1.973]

Observations

1182

1330

940

1086

Pseudo R²

0.071

0.021

0.033

	W2–5		W6–9
Age	1.071^***	1.033^**	1.035^**	1.030^*
	[1.044,1.099]	[1.010,1.057]	[1.010,1.061]	[1.006,1.054]
Latent physical health tertile at baseline (Ref. Bad)
Fair	0.880	0.698^*	0.839	0.808
	[0.631,1.228]	[0.516,0.944]	[0.604,1.166]	[0.588,1.109]
Good	0.658^*	0.543^***	1.042	0.734
	[0.441,0.980]	[0.384,0.769]	[0.725,1.497]	[0.519,1.040]
Number of ADL limitations	1.254^*	1.329^**	1.458^*	1.412^*
	[1.018,1.544]	[1.099,1.606]	[1.088,1.953]	[1.066,1.871]
Number of IADL limitations	1.222	1.212	1.013	1.114
	[0.968,1.542]	[0.995,1.477]	[0.767,1.337]	[0.858,1.447]
Renter (Ref. Owner-occupier)	1.396	2.996^**	0.789	0.721
	[0.529,3.684]	[1.428,6.285]	[0.361,1.726]	[0.335,1.554]
Unpartnered (Ref. Married/partnered)	0.588^**	0.823	0.823	0.671^**
	[0.412,0.838]	[0.626,1.081]	[0.604,1.122]	[0.511,0.881]
Educational attainment (Ref. Lower)
Secondary	0.801	1.262	1.013	1.057
	[0.568,1.130]	[0.901,1.768]	[0.702,1.462]	[0.768,1.455]
Higher	0.647^*	1.400	0.948	1.389
	[0.435,0.963]	[0.964,2.032]	[0.652,1.379]	[0.962,2.006]
Foreign/other	1.108	0.867	0.825	0.775
	[0.627,1.959]	[0.585,1.285]	[0.468,1.456]	[0.530,1.132]
Wealth quintile (Ref. Lowest quintile)
4th quintile	1.048	1.927	1.255	0.606
	[0.389,2.823]	[0.921,4.031]	[0.560,2.812]	[0.280,1.313]
3rd quintile	0.854	1.390	1.098	0.667
	[0.305,2.392]	[0.637,3.033]	[0.485,2.487]	[0.307,1.450]
2nd quintile	1.080	1.441	1.391	0.835
	[0.389,2.996]	[0.658,3.160]	[0.617,3.137]	[0.375,1.860]
Highest quintile	0.853	1.041	1.298	0.661
	[0.302,2.406]	[0.464,2.336]	[0.568,2.965]	[0.295,1.480]
Constant	0.003^***	0.028^***	0.086^*	0.283
	[0.000,0.028]	[0.004,0.117]	[0.012,0.648]	[0.040,1.973]
Observations	1182	1330	940	1086
Pseudo R²	0.071	0.071	0.021	0.033

Table 3

Open in new tab

Results from logistic regression analysis of associations between baseline characteristics and acquiring housing adaptations over the follow-up (ELSA Waves 2–5 or 6–9), among men and women aged 65+ who reported no housing adaptations at relevant baseline wave (2 or 6).

	W2–5		W6–9
	Men	Women	Men	Women
Variables measured at wave 2 or 6	OR [95% CI]	OR [95% CI]	OR [95% CI]	OR [95% CI]
Age	1.071^***	1.033^**	1.035^**	1.030^*
	[1.044,1.099]	[1.010,1.057]	[1.010,1.061]	[1.006,1.054]
Latent physical health tertile at baseline (Ref. Bad)
Fair	0.880	0.698^*	0.839	0.808
	[0.631,1.228]	[0.516,0.944]	[0.604,1.166]	[0.588,1.109]
Good	0.658^*	0.543^***	1.042	0.734
	[0.441,0.980]	[0.384,0.769]	[0.725,1.497]	[0.519,1.040]
Number of ADL limitations	1.254^*	1.329^**	1.458^*	1.412^*
	[1.018,1.544]	[1.099,1.606]	[1.088,1.953]	[1.066,1.871]
Number of IADL limitations	1.222	1.212	1.013	1.114
	[0.968,1.542]	[0.995,1.477]	[0.767,1.337]	[0.858,1.447]
Renter (Ref. Owner-occupier)	1.396	2.996^**	0.789	0.721
	[0.529,3.684]	[1.428,6.285]	[0.361,1.726]	[0.335,1.554]
Unpartnered (Ref. Married/partnered)	0.588^**	0.823	0.823	0.671^**
	[0.412,0.838]	[0.626,1.081]	[0.604,1.122]	[0.511,0.881]
Educational attainment (Ref. Lower)
Secondary	0.801	1.262	1.013	1.057
	[0.568,1.130]	[0.901,1.768]	[0.702,1.462]	[0.768,1.455]
Higher	0.647^*	1.400	0.948	1.389
	[0.435,0.963]	[0.964,2.032]	[0.652,1.379]	[0.962,2.006]
Foreign/other	1.108	0.867	0.825	0.775
	[0.627,1.959]	[0.585,1.285]	[0.468,1.456]	[0.530,1.132]
Wealth quintile (Ref. Lowest quintile)
4th quintile	1.048	1.927	1.255	0.606
	[0.389,2.823]	[0.921,4.031]	[0.560,2.812]	[0.280,1.313]
3rd quintile	0.854	1.390	1.098	0.667
	[0.305,2.392]	[0.637,3.033]	[0.485,2.487]	[0.307,1.450]
2nd quintile	1.080	1.441	1.391	0.835
	[0.389,2.996]	[0.658,3.160]	[0.617,3.137]	[0.375,1.860]
Highest quintile	0.853	1.041	1.298	0.661
	[0.302,2.406]	[0.464,2.336]	[0.568,2.965]	[0.295,1.480]
Constant	0.003^***	0.028^***	0.086^*	0.283
	[0.000,0.028]	[0.004,0.117]	[0.012,0.648]	[0.040,1.973]
Observations	1182	1330	940	1086
Pseudo R²	0.071	0.071	0.021	0.033

	W2–5		W6–9
	Men	Women	Men	Women
Variables measured at wave 2 or 6	OR [95% CI]	OR [95% CI]	OR [95% CI]	OR [95% CI]
Age	1.071^***	1.033^**	1.035^**	1.030^*
	[1.044,1.099]	[1.010,1.057]	[1.010,1.061]	[1.006,1.054]
Latent physical health tertile at baseline (Ref. Bad)
Fair	0.880	0.698^*	0.839	0.808
	[0.631,1.228]	[0.516,0.944]	[0.604,1.166]	[0.588,1.109]
Good	0.658^*	0.543^***	1.042	0.734
	[0.441,0.980]	[0.384,0.769]	[0.725,1.497]	[0.519,1.040]
Number of ADL limitations	1.254^*	1.329^**	1.458^*	1.412^*
	[1.018,1.544]	[1.099,1.606]	[1.088,1.953]	[1.066,1.871]
Number of IADL limitations	1.222	1.212	1.013	1.114
	[0.968,1.542]	[0.995,1.477]	[0.767,1.337]	[0.858,1.447]
Renter (Ref. Owner-occupier)	1.396	2.996^**	0.789	0.721
	[0.529,3.684]	[1.428,6.285]	[0.361,1.726]	[0.335,1.554]
Unpartnered (Ref. Married/partnered)	0.588^**	0.823	0.823	0.671^**
	[0.412,0.838]	[0.626,1.081]	[0.604,1.122]	[0.511,0.881]
Educational attainment (Ref. Lower)
Secondary	0.801	1.262	1.013	1.057
	[0.568,1.130]	[0.901,1.768]	[0.702,1.462]	[0.768,1.455]
Higher	0.647^*	1.400	0.948	1.389
	[0.435,0.963]	[0.964,2.032]	[0.652,1.379]	[0.962,2.006]
Foreign/other	1.108	0.867	0.825	0.775
	[0.627,1.959]	[0.585,1.285]	[0.468,1.456]	[0.530,1.132]
Wealth quintile (Ref. Lowest quintile)
4th quintile	1.048	1.927	1.255	0.606
	[0.389,2.823]	[0.921,4.031]	[0.560,2.812]	[0.280,1.313]
3rd quintile	0.854	1.390	1.098	0.667
	[0.305,2.392]	[0.637,3.033]	[0.485,2.487]	[0.307,1.450]
2nd quintile	1.080	1.441	1.391	0.835
	[0.389,2.996]	[0.658,3.160]	[0.617,3.137]	[0.375,1.860]
Highest quintile	0.853	1.041	1.298	0.661
	[0.302,2.406]	[0.464,2.336]	[0.568,2.965]	[0.295,1.480]
Constant	0.003^***	0.028^***	0.086^*	0.283
	[0.000,0.028]	[0.004,0.117]	[0.012,0.648]	[0.040,1.973]
Observations	1182	1330	940	1086
Pseudo R²	0.071	0.071	0.021	0.033

Notes: Data source: English Longitudinal Study of Ageing Waves 2–9. ADL, Activities of Daily Living; IADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence intervals. ^* P < .05, ^** P < .01, ^*** P < .001.

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