Table 2.

Total financial damages in USD in descending order. This table shows the sum of financial damages that can be associated with the different stack layers. The protocol and interface layers faced the most extensive financial damages, even if the CA layer was involved in more crime events.

CategoryCountFinancial
  damage ($)
DeFi protocols (⁠|$\mathrm{ DP}$|⁠)2982.6B
Interface (⁠|$\mathrm{ INT}$|⁠)342.5B
Cryptoassets (⁠|$\mathrm{ CA}$|⁠)3751.8B
Distributed ledger technology (⁠|$\mathrm{ DLT}$|⁠)241.5B
DeFi compositions (⁠|$\mathrm{ DC}$|⁠)107925M
CategoryCountFinancial
  damage ($)
DeFi protocols (⁠|$\mathrm{ DP}$|⁠)2982.6B
Interface (⁠|$\mathrm{ INT}$|⁠)342.5B
Cryptoassets (⁠|$\mathrm{ CA}$|⁠)3751.8B
Distributed ledger technology (⁠|$\mathrm{ DLT}$|⁠)241.5B
DeFi compositions (⁠|$\mathrm{ DC}$|⁠)107925M
Table 2.

Total financial damages in USD in descending order. This table shows the sum of financial damages that can be associated with the different stack layers. The protocol and interface layers faced the most extensive financial damages, even if the CA layer was involved in more crime events.

CategoryCountFinancial
  damage ($)
DeFi protocols (⁠|$\mathrm{ DP}$|⁠)2982.6B
Interface (⁠|$\mathrm{ INT}$|⁠)342.5B
Cryptoassets (⁠|$\mathrm{ CA}$|⁠)3751.8B
Distributed ledger technology (⁠|$\mathrm{ DLT}$|⁠)241.5B
DeFi compositions (⁠|$\mathrm{ DC}$|⁠)107925M
CategoryCountFinancial
  damage ($)
DeFi protocols (⁠|$\mathrm{ DP}$|⁠)2982.6B
Interface (⁠|$\mathrm{ INT}$|⁠)342.5B
Cryptoassets (⁠|$\mathrm{ CA}$|⁠)3751.8B
Distributed ledger technology (⁠|$\mathrm{ DLT}$|⁠)241.5B
DeFi compositions (⁠|$\mathrm{ DC}$|⁠)107925M
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